Novel bisamidate phosphonate prodrugs

ABSTRACT

Novel bisamidate phosphonate prodrugs of FBPase inhibitors of the Formula IA:  
                 
 
     and their use in the treatment of diabetes and other conditions associated with elevated blood glucose.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/171,862 filed Dec. 22, 1999, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is directed towards novel prodrugs, to their preparation, to their use for the oral delivery of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors (FBPase), and to their use in the treatment of diabetes and other diseases where the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, control of blood glucose levels, reduction in glycogen storage, or reduction in insulin levels is beneficial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Organic compounds that are charged at physiological pH frequently exhibit limited oral bioavailability, cell penetration, and tissue distribution (e.g. CNS). These properties are attributed to the failure of ionic compounds to cross cell membranes by passive diffusion. One strategy to circumvent this problem is to prepare lipophilic prodrugs which are capable of crossing cell membranes and subsequently undergoing a transformation to generate the charged compound. The transformation could result from either chemical instability or an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

[0004] A large number of structurally-diverse prodrugs are described for phosphonic acids. Freeman and Ross in Progress in Medicinal Chemistry 34: 112-147 (1997). The most commonly used prodrug class is the acyloxyalkyl ester, which was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates in 1983 by Farquhar et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 72: 324 (1983). Subsequently, the acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability. A close variant of the acyloxyalkyl ester strategy, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, is also reported to enhance oral bioavailability.

[0005] Much less success has been achieved with other classes of phosphonate prodrugs. Aryl esters, especially phenyl esters, are reported in a few cases to enhance oral bioavailability. DeLambert et al., J. Med. Chem. 37: 498 (1994). Phenyl esters containing a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate have also been described. Khamnei and Torrence, J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-4115 (1996). Benzyl esters are reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases using substituents at the ortho-orpara-position can accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol can generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g. esterases, oxidases, etc., which in turn undergoes cleavage at the benzylic C—O bond to generate the phosphoric acid and the quinone methide intermediate. Examples of this class of prodrugs are described by Mitchell et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 2345 (1992); Brook, et al. WO 91/19721. Still other benzylic prodrugs have been described containing a carboxylic ester-containing group attached to the benzylic methylene. Glazier et al. WO 91/19721. Thio-containing prodrugs are reported to be useful for the intracellular delivery of phosphonate drugs. These proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide. Desterification or reduction of the disulfide generates the free thio intermediate which subsequently breaks down to the phosphoric acid and episulfide. Puech et al., Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174 (1993); Benzaria, et al., J. Med. Chem. 39: 4958 (1996). Cyclic phosphonate esters have also been described as prodrugs of phosphorus-containing compounds.

[0006] Some phosphoramidates are also known prodrugs of phosphonates, but they have shown poor oral bioavailability. In some cases the phosphoramidates were very unstable under acidic conditions which was reported as a potential explanation for their poor oral bioavailability (J. Med. Chem., 37: 1857-1864 (1994)). Similarly, poor oral bioavailability was reported for a bisamidate of a PMEA analog (J. Med. Chem., 38: 1372-1379 (1995)). Another PMEA prodrug consists of a mono glycine ester amidate and a phenyl ester (WO 95/07920).

[0007] Although numerous phosphoric acid prodrug strategies are reported to achieve high intracellular delivery of phosphoric acids, few are known to result in good oral bioavailability. In some cases, the prodrugs are unstable to the gastrointestinal tract environment (low pH, esterase activity). In other cases the prodrugs are too stable and are therefore poorly transformed in vivo to the parent drug.

[0008] WO 98/39344, WO 98/39343, WO 98/139342, and WO 00/14095 describe compounds containing phosphoric acids and esters that inhibit fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

[0009] The entire disclosures of the publication and references referred to above and hereafter in this specification are incorporated herein by reference and are not admitted to be prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The present invention is directed towards novel bisamidate phosphonates that are potent FBPase inhibitors. In one aspect these compounds possess superior oral bioavailability compared to the corresponding phosphonic acids. In another aspect, the present invention is directed to the in vitro and in vivo FBPase inhibitory activity of these compounds. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the clinical use of these FBPase inhibitors as a method of treatment or prevention of diseases responsive to inhibition of gluconeogenesis and in diseases responsive to lowered blood glucose levels.

[0011] In another aspect, the compounds are also useful in treating or preventing excess glycogen storage diseases and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemic injury, and diseases such as metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia which are exacerbated by hyperinsulinema and hyperglycemia.

[0012] The invention also comprises the novel compounds and methods of using them as specified below in formulae I, X, and XI. Also included in the scope of the present invention are standard salts and prodrugs of the compounds of formulae I, X, and XI.

[0013] Since these compounds may have asymmetric centers, the present invention is directed not only to racemic mixtures of these compounds, but also to individual stereoisomers. The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable and/or useful salts of the compounds of formulae I, X, and XI, including acid addition salts. The present inventions also encompass standard prodrugs of compounds of formulae I, X, and XI.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] Definitions

[0015] In accordance with the present invention and as used herein, the following terms are defined with the following meanings, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

[0016] X, X″, X² and X³ group nomenclature as used herein in formulae I and XI describes the group attached to the phosphonate and ends with the group attached to the heteroaromatic ring. For example, when X is alkylamino, the following structure is intended:

[0017] (heteroaromatic ring)-NR-alk-P(O)(NR¹⁵R¹⁶)(NR¹⁸—(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—(C(O)—R¹⁴)

[0018] Likewise, A, B, C, D, E, A″, B″, C″, D″, E″, A², L², E², J², A³, L³, E³, and J³ groups and other substituents of the heteroaromatic ring are described in such a way that the term ends with the group attached to the heteroaromatic ring. Generally, substituents are named such that the term ends with the group at the point of attachment. A hyphen before or after a term indicates a point of attachment. For example, “-alkyl-” refers to divalent alkyl or alkylene.

[0019] The term “aryl” refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl and furan-2,5-diyl.

[0020] Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms. Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.

[0021] Heterocyclic aryl or heteroaryl groups are groups having from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and selenium. Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, and the like, all optionally substituted.

[0022] The term “annulation” or “annulated” refers to the formation of an additional cyclic moiety onto an existing aryl or heteroaryl group. It is a form of optional substitution on an aryl or heteroaryl group. The newly formed ring may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and contains 2-9 new atoms of which 0-3 may be heteroatoms taken from the group of N, O, and S. The annulation may incorporate atoms from the X group as part of the newly formed ring. For example, the phrase “together L and E² form an annulated cyclic group”, includes

[0023] The term “biaryl” represents aryl groups containing more than one aromatic ring including both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include naphthyl and biphenyl.

[0024] The term “alicyclic” means compounds which combine the properties of aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Such cyclic compounds include but are not limited to, aromatic, cycloalkyl and bridged cycloalkyl compounds. The cyclic compound includes heterocycles. Cyclohexenylethyl and cyclohexylethyl are suitable alicyclic groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted.

[0025] The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” includes groups substituted by one to four substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower alicyclic, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclic alkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaralkoxy, azido, amino, guanidino, amidino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, acylalkyl, carboxy esters, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, acyloxy, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoaryl, alkylaryl, alkylaminoalkyl, alkoxyaryl, arylamino, aralkylamino, phosphono, sulfonyl, -carboxamidoalkylaryl, -carboxamidoaryl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-, aminocarboxamidoalkyl-, cyano, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and arylalkyloxyalkyl. “Substituted aryl” and “substituted heteroaryl” refer to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-2; 1-3; or 1-4 substituents. In one aspect, suitable substituents of aryl groups include lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and amino. “Substituted” when describing an R⁵ group does not include annulation.

[0026] The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted. The term “-aralkyl-” refers to a divalent group -aryl-alkylene-. “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

[0027] The term “-alkylaryl-” refers to the group -alk-aryl- where “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower -alkylaryl-” refers to such groups where alkylene is lower alkylene.

[0028] The term “lower” referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively defines such as with up to and including 10, or up to and including 6, or one to four carbon atoms. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.

[0029] The terms “arylamino” (a), and “aralkylamino” (b), respectively, refer to the group —NRR′ wherein respectively, (a) R is aryl and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, and (b) R is aralkyl and R′ is hydrogen or aralkyl, aryl, alkyl.

[0030] The term “acyl” refers to —C(O)R where R is alkyl and aryl.

[0031] The term “carboxy esters” refers to —C(O)OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, all optionally substituted.

[0032] The term “carboxyl” refers to —C(O)OH.

[0033] The term “oxo” refers to ═O in an alkyl group.

[0034] The term “amino” refers to —NRR′ where R and R′ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and alicyclic, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R¹ can form a cyclic ring system.

[0035] The term “carbonylamino” and “-carbonylamino-” refers to RCONR— and —CONR—, respectively, where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

[0036] The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to —F, —Cl, —Br and —I.

[0037] The term “-oxyalkylamino-” refers to -O-alk-NR-, where “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or alkyl.

[0038] The term “-alkylaminoalkylcarboxy-” refers to the group -alk-NR-alk-C(O)-O where “alk” is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.

[0039] The term “-alkylaminocarbonyl-” refers to the group -alk-NR-C(O)- where “alk” is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.

[0040] The term “-oxyalkyl-” refers to the group -O-alk- where “alk” is an alkylene group.

[0041] The term “-alkylcarboxyalkyl-” refers to the group -alk-C(O)-O-alk- where each alk is independently an alkylene group.

[0042] The term “alkyl” refers to saturated aliphatic groups including straight-chain, branched chain and cyclic groups. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkyl groups include methyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl.

[0043] The term “cyclic alkyl” or “cycloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic groups of 3 to 6; or 3 to 10 atoms. Suitable cyclic groups include norbomyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.

[0044] The term “heterocyclic” and “heterocyclic alkyl” refer to cyclic groups of 3 to 6; or 3 to 10 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom. In one aspect, these groups contain 1 to 3 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring. Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl. Such groups may be substituted.

[0045] The term “phosphono” refers to —PO₃R₂, where R is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

[0046] The term “sulphonyl” or “sulfonyl” refers to —SO₃R, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

[0047] The term “alkenyl” refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl. “1-alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom.

[0048] If the 1-alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g. it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosph(oramid)ate, it is attached at the first carbon.

[0049] The term “alkynyl” refers to unsaturated groups which contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. “1-alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1-alkynyl group is attached to another group, it is attached at the first carbon.

[0050] The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group.

[0051] The term “-cycloalkylene-COOR³” refers to a divalent cyclic alkyl group or heterocyclic group containing 4 to 6 atoms in the ring, with 0-1 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S. The cyclic alkyl or heterocyclic group is substituted with —COOR³.

[0052] The term “acyloxy” refers to the ester group —O—C(O)R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alicyclic.

[0053] The term “aminoalkyl-” refers to the group NR₂-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

[0054] The term “-alkyl(hydroxy)-” refers to an —OH off the alkyl chain. When this term is an X group, the —OH is at the position a to the phosphorus atom.

[0055] The term “alkylaminoalkyl-” refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl. “Lower alkylaminoalkyl-” refers to groups where each alkylene group is lower alkylene.

[0056] The term “arylaminoalkyl-” refers to the group aryl-NR-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. In “lower arylaminoalkyl-”, the alkylene group is lower alkylene.

[0057] The term “alkylaminoaryl-” refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl- wherein “aryl” is a divalent group and R is H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. In “lower alkylaminoaryl-”, the alkylene group is lower alkyl.

[0058] The term “alkyloxyaryl-” refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group. In “lower alkyloxyaryl-”, the alkyl group is lower alkyl.

[0059] The term “aryloxyalkyl-” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryloxy group.

[0060] The term “aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene.

[0061] The term “-alkoxy-” or “-alkyloxy-” refers to the group -alk-O- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. The term “alkoxy-” refers to the group alkyl-O-.

[0062] The term “-alkoxyalkyl-” or “-alkyloxyalkyl-” refer to the group -alk-O-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkoxyalkyl-”, each alkylene is lower alkylene.

[0063] The terms “alkylthio-” and “-alkylthio-” refer to the groups alkyl-S-, and -alk-S-, respectively, wherein “alk” is alkylene group.

[0064] The term “-alkylthioalkyl-” refers to the group -alk-S-alk- wherein each “alk” is an independently selected alkylene group. In “lower -alkylthioalkyl “each alkylene is lower alkylene.

[0065] The term “alkoxycarbonyloxy-” refers to alkyl-O—C(O)—O-.

[0066] The term “aryloxycarbonyloxy-” refers to aryl-O—C(O)—O-.

[0067] The term “alkylthiocarbonyloxy-” refers to alkyl-S—C(O)—O-.

[0068] The term “-alkoxycarbonylamino-” refers to -alk-O-C(O)-NR′-, where “alk” is alkylene and R¹, includes —H, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl.

[0069] The term “-alkylaminocarbonylamino” refers to -alk-NR¹-C(O)-NR¹-, where “alk” is alkylene and R′ is independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

[0070] The terms “amido” or “carboxamido” refer to NR₂—C(O)— and RC(O)—NR¹—, where R and R¹ include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic. The term does not include urea, —NR—C(O)—NR—.

[0071] The terms “carboxamidoalkylaryl” and “carboxamidoaryl” refers to an aryl-alk-NR¹-C(O)-, and ar-NR¹-C(O)-alk-, respectively, where “ar” is aryl, and “alk” is alkylene, R¹ and R include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic.

[0072] The term “-alkylcarboxamido-” or “-alkylcarbonylamino-” refers to the group -alk-C(O)N(R)- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.

[0073] The term “-alkylaminocarbonyl-” refers to the group -alk-NR-C(O)- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is H or lower alkyl.

[0074] The term “aminocarboxamidoalkyl-” refers to the group NR₂-C(O)-N(R)-alk- wherein R is an alkyl group or H and “alk” is an alkylene group. “Lower aminocarboxamidoalkyl-” refers to such groups wherein “alk” is lower alkylene.

[0075] The term “thiocarbonate” refers to —O—C(S)—O— either in a chain or in a cyclic group.

[0076] The term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one —OH.

[0077] The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one halo, selected from the group I, Cl, Br, F.

[0078] The term “cyano” refers to —C≡N.

[0079] The term “nitro” refers to —NO₂.

[0080] The term “acylalkyl” refers to an alkyl-C(O)-alk-, where “alk” is alkylene.

[0081] The term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

[0082] The term “-1,1-dihaloalkyl-” refers to an X group where the 1 position and therefore halogens are α to the phosphorus atom.

[0083] The term “perhalo” refers to groups wherein every C—H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group. Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include —CF₃ and —CFCl₂.

[0084] The term “guanidino” refers to both —NR—C(NR)—NR₂ as well as —N═C(NR₂)₂ where each R group is independently selected from the group of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except —H are optionally substituted.

[0085] The term “bidentate” refers to an alkyl group that is attached by its terminal ends to the same atom to form a cyclic group. For example, propylene amine contains a bidentate propylene group.

[0086] The term “naturally occurring amino acid” refers to alpha amino acids containing at least one hydrogen at the alpha carbon and when the alpha carbon is chiral, it has S absolute configuration.

[0087] The term “amidino” refers to —C(NR)—NR₂ where each R group is independently selected from the group of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and alicyclic, all except —H are optionally substituted.

[0088] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes salts of compounds of formula IA and its prodrugs derived from the combination of a compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base. Suitable acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and maleic acid.

[0089] The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the “drug” substance (a biologically active compound) as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s). Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g. HO—, HS—, HOOC—, R₂N—, associated with the FBPase inhibitor, that cleave in vivo. Standard prodrugs include, but are not limited to, carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate. The groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs. Such prodrugs of the compounds of formulae I, X, and XI, fall within the scope of the present invention. Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound. In some cases, the prodrug is biologically active usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, pharmacodynamic half-life, etc.

[0090] Phosphoramidate derivatives have been explored as phosphate prodrugs (e.g. McGuigan et al., J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42: 393 and references cited therein) and phosphonate prodrugs (Bischofberger, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,340 and references cited therein) as shown in Formulae G and H.

[0091] Cyclic phosphoramidates have also been studied as phosphonate prodrugs because of their speculated higher stability compared to non-cyclic phosphoramidates (e.g. Starrett et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 37:1857).

[0092] Another type of nucleotide prodrug was reported as the combination of S-acyl-2-thioethyl ester and phosphoramidate (Egron et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1999,18, 981) as shown in Formula J.

[0093] The term “enhancing” refers to increasing or improving a specific property.

[0094] The term “enhanced oral bioavailability” refers to an increase of at least 50% of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug or prodrug (not of this invention) from the gastrointestinal tract. In one aspect, this increase is at least 100%. Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drug metabolite in blood, tissues, or urine following oral administration, compared to measurements following systemic administration.

[0095] The term “parent drug” refers to any compound which delivers the same biologically active compound. The parent drug form is M—P(O)(OH)₂ and standard prodrugs, such as esters.

[0096] The term “drug metabolite” refers to any compound produced in vivo or in vitro from the parent drug, which can include the biologically active drug.

[0097] The term “pharmacodynamic half-life” refers to the time after administration of the drug or prodrug to observe a diminution of one half of the measured pharmacological response. In one aspect, the half-life is enhanced when the half-life is increased by at least 50%.

[0098] The term “biologically active drug or agent” refers to the chemical entity that produces a biological effect. Thus, active drugs or agents include compounds which as M—P(O)(OH)₂ are biologically active.

[0099] The term “inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase” refers to chemical entities M—PO₃H₂ that have an IC₅₀ of equal to or less than 50 μM on human liver FBPase.

[0100] The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that has any beneficial effect in treating a disease or condition.

[0101] Compounds

[0102] Suitable alkyl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable aryl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable aralkyl groups include groups having from 2 to about 21 carbon atoms. Suitable acyloxy groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable alkylene groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable alicyclic groups include groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include groups having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. Suitable heteroalicyclic groups include groups having from 2 to about twenty carbon atoms and from 1 to 5 heteroatoms, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

[0103] One aspect of the invention is directed to the compound of formula IA

[0104] wherein compounds of formula IA are converted in vivo or in vitro to M—PO₃H₂ which is an inhibitor of fructose -1,6-bisphosphatase and

[0105] n is an integer from 1 to 3;

[0106] R² is selected from the group of —H and —R³.

[0107] R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

[0108] each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group;

[0109] each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of—OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷ —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷;

[0110] R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;

[0111] R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;

[0112] each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;

[0113] R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group;

[0114] each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³;

[0115] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0116] Such compounds converted to M—PO₃H₂ include compounds that have an IC₅₀ on isolated human liver FBPase enzyme of less than or equal to 10 μM. Alternatively, the IC₅₀ is less than or equal to 1 μM. Such compounds may also bind to the AMP site of FBPase.

[0117] In one aspect, M is R⁵—X—, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

[0118] wherein:

[0119] each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N;

[0120] each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N;

[0121] A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null;

[0122] each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted;

[0123] E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted;

[0124] J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null;

[0125] X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂;

[0126] R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

[0127] R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

[0128] each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group;

[0129] each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group;

[0130] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²;

[0131] and with the proviso that:

[0132] 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null;

[0133] 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null;

[0134] 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom;

[0135] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0136] In one aspect, the following additional provisos may apply:

[0137] 4) when R⁵ is a six-membered ring, then X is not any 2 atom linker, an optionally substituted-alkyloxy-, or an optionally substituted-alkylthio-;

[0138] 5) when X is not a -heteroaryl- group, then R⁵ is not substituted with two or more aryl groups.

[0139] In one aspect of the present invention, compounds of formula IA have an IC₅₀ of ≦50 μM on glucose production in isolated rat hepatocytes.

[0140] In one aspect, compounds of formula IA can be selected from those compounds where M is attached to

[0141] wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl and neopentyl and wherein C* has S stereochemistry.

[0142] In thiazoles where A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, B″ is —S(CH₂)₂CH₃; or where A″ is —NH₂, D is furan-2,5-diyl, B″ is —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂, then M may be attached to

[0143] wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl and neopentyl and wherein C* has S stereochemistry.

[0144] In one aspect, the compounds of formula IA can be selected from:

[0145] Within such a group, compounds of formula IA may be compounds of formulae II or IV:

[0146] In one aspect, compounds are of Formula IA wherein M is

[0147] wherein:

[0148] G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—;

[0149] A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —CN, perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl;

[0150] L², E², and J² are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —NO₂, —H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl(OH), C1-C6 alkyl(SH), C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, heteroaryl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group;

[0151] X² is selected from the group consisting of —CR² ₂—, —CF₂—, —CR² ₂—O—, —CR² ₂—S—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—S—, —C(S)—O—, —CH₂—C(O)—O— and —CR² ₂—NR²⁰—, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X² is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂;

[0152] R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

[0153] R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

[0154] each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group;

[0155] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²;

[0156] R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, —H, and —COR²; and

[0157] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0158] In one aspect, the bisphosphoramidate portion of the compounds of the invention,

[0159] may be selected from the group consisting of

[0160] wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and neopentyl. In another aspect, C* has S stereochemistry.

[0161] Alternatively, such compounds may be of the formula:

[0162] In one aspect of the invention, M is

[0163] wherein:

[0164] A³, E³, and L³ are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR”, —SO₂R³, guanidine, amidine, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A³ and L³ form a cyclic group, or together L³ and E³ form a cyclic group, or together E³ and J³ form a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic;

[0165] J³ is selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —C(O)R¹¹, —CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y³ forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl;

[0166] X³ is selected from the group consisting of —alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X³ is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂;

[0167] Y³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R³, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)—R¹¹, —CONHR³, —NR² ₂, and —OR³, all except H are optionally substituted;

[0168] R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H;

[0169] R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl;

[0170] each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group;

[0171] R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and —C(O)R¹⁰;

[0172] R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, —C(O)R¹⁰, or together they form a bidentate alkyl;

[0173] each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, -alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group;

[0174] R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, —NH₂, lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl;

[0175] R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and

[0176] pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

[0177] In one aspect, the following provisos may apply:

[0178] a) when X³ is alkyl or alkene, then A³ is —N(R⁸ ₂);

[0179] b) X³ is not alkylamine and alkylaminoalkyl substituted with phosphonic esters and acids; and

[0180] c) A³, L³, E³, J³, and Y³ together may only form 0-2 cyclic groups.

[0181] In the following table, the inventors contemplate any combination of the following Markush groups and those described above for the various variables. TABLE A Table of Markush Groups by Variable Markush Markush Markush Markush Group A Group B Group C Group D R² R³ and —H —H, lower alkyl, —H, C1-C4 alkyl, lower alkyl, lower C2-C7 alicyclic, alicyclic and C4-C6 aryl, and lower aralkyl C5-C7 aralkyl, wherein said alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms R³ alykl, aryl, lower alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, alicyclic, and lower aryl, lower C2-C7 alicyclic, aralkyl alicyclic and C4-C6 aryl, and lower aralkyl C5-C7 aralkyl, wherein said alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms R⁴ —H, and —H, and C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl or R⁴ and R⁴ are connected by 4-5 atoms to form a cyclic group R⁵ pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl,

1,2,4- thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3- oxadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3- oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4- oxadiazolyl,

1,2,4- oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5- oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5- oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4- oxadiazolyl,

1,3,4- oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl,

pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3- selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3- selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent

thiazolyl, oxazolyl, and selenazolyl

R⁷ —H, lower alkyl, —H, C(O)R¹⁰, C1- lower alicyclic, C4 alkyl, C2-C7 lower aralkyl, alicyclic, C4-C6 lower aryl, and aryl, and C5-C7 C(O)R¹⁰ aralkyl, wherein said alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms R⁸ —H, lower alkyl, H, C(O)R¹⁰, C1- lower alicyclic, C4 alkyl, C2-C7 lower aralkyl, alicyclic, C4-C6 lower aryl, and aryl, and C5-C7 C(O)R¹⁰; or aralkyl, wherein said alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms; or together R⁸ and together R⁸ and R⁸ form a R⁸ form a C2-C5 bidentate alkyl bidentate alkyl R⁹ —H, lower alkyl, —H, C1-C4 alkyl, lower aralkyl, C5-C7 aralkyl, and lower and C2-C7 alicyclic; or alicyclic, wherein said alicyclic, and aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms; or together R⁹ and together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic R⁹ form a C2-C6 alkyl group cyclic alkyl R¹⁰ —H, —NH₂, lower —H, —NH₂, C1-C4 alkyl, lower aryl, alkyl, C4-C6 and lower aryl, and C1-C4 perhaloalkyl perhaloalkyl, wherein said aryl, may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms R¹¹ —NR₂ ², —OR², —NR₂ ², —OR², C1- lower alkyl, and C4 alkyl, and lower aryl C4-C6 aryl, wherein said aryl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms R¹² —H, lower alkyl, —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —H, —H, low- —H, C1- —H and lower -lower C1-C4 er alkyl, C4 alkyl, methyl, perhaloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, lower per- —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, lower aryl, alkylthioalkyl, and haloalkyl phenyl, optionally phenyl, and benzyl; optionally aryl, and substituted with benzyl, or or substituted benzyl; or methyl —OR¹⁹, —NR₂ ¹⁹, with —SR¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, —C(O)—NR²¹R³, halo, —NR₂ ¹⁹, —CO₂R², —SR¹⁹, 3-indolyl, —C(O)—N- 4-imidazolyl, or R²R³, H guandinyl; or halogen, p13 CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, or guanidinyl; or together R¹² and R¹² and R¹³ are R¹² and R¹³ are R¹² and R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2- connected via 2-5 R¹³ are R¹³ are connected via 2- 5 carbon atoms carbon atoms to form connected connect- 5 carbon atoms to form a a cycloalkyl group via 2 or 4 ed via 4 to form a cycloalkyl group carbon carbon cycloalkyl group atoms to atoms to form a form cyclopro- cyclo- pyl or pentyl cyclopent- group yl group R¹³ —H, lower alkyl, —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —H, —H, lower —H, C1-C4 —H, lower -lower C1-C4 alkyl, lower alkyl, methyl, perhaloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, perhaloalkyl, —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, i-propyl, lower aralkyl, lower phenyl, and lower phenyl, and lower aryl, alkylthioalkyl, and aryl, option- and benzyl, optionally phenyl, and benzyl; ally substi- benzyl; or substituted with benzyl, or or tuted with —OR¹⁹, —NR₂ ¹⁹, —OR¹⁹, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)—NR²- NR₂ ¹⁹, SR¹⁹, R³, halogen, C(O)NR²R³, —CO₂R², halogen, 3-indolyl, —CO₂R², 3- 4-imidazolyl, or indolyl, 4- guanidinyl; or imidazolyl, or guani- dinyl; or together R¹² and R¹² and R¹³ are R¹² and R¹³ are R¹² and R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2- connected via 2-5 R¹³ are R¹³ are connected via 2- 5 carbon atoms carbon atoms to form connected connect- 5 carbon atoms to form a a cycloalkyl group via 2 or 4 ed via 4 to form a cycloalkyl group carbon carbon cycloalkyl group atoms to atoms to form a form cycloprop- cyclo- yl or pentyl cyclo- group pentyl group R¹⁴ —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷ and —OR¹⁷ —NR²OR¹⁹ R¹⁵ —H, lower alkyl, —H, and C1-C6 —H and C1-C3 alkyl —H, methyl, ethyl, lower aryl, and alkyl, or and propyl lower aralkyl, or together R¹⁵ and together R¹⁵ and —NR¹⁵R¹⁶is a cyclic NR¹⁵R¹⁶ is R¹⁶ are R¹⁶ are amine morpholinyl and connected via 2- connected via 2- pyrrolidinyl 6 atoms, 6 atoms, optionally optionally including 1 including 1 heteroatom heteroatom selected from the selected from the group consisting group consisting of O, N, and S of, O, N, and S R¹⁶ —H, lower alkyl, —H, and C1-C6 —H and C1-C3 alkyl —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴ lower aryl, and alkyl, or lower arylalkyl, or together R¹⁵ and together R¹⁵ and —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ is a cyclic NR¹⁵R¹⁶ is R¹⁶ are R¹⁶ are amine morpholinyl and connected via 2- connected via 2- pyrrolidinyl 6 atoms, 6 atoms, —H, C1-C6 alkyl and optionally optionally —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴ including 1 including 1 or heteroatom heteroatom selected from the selected from the together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ group consisting group consisting are connected via 2-6 of O, N, and S of, O, N, and S atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of, O, N, and S R¹⁷ C1-C7 alkyl, methyl, ethyl, methyl, ethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i- phenyl, indolyl, i-propyl i-propyl, n-propyl, propyl, and neopentyl sesimol and n-propyl, t-butyl t-butyl, cyclopentyl, benzyl, wherein isobutyl neo- beopentyl, phenyl and said phenyl, pentyl, cyclo- benzyl ethyl, i-propyl, n- indolyl, sesimol pentyl and propyl, n-butyl, and and benzyl may unsubstituted neopentyl be optionally benzyl substituted with ethyl 1-3 groups selected from the group consisting of —CO₂R², —OR³, halo, —NHC(O)R³, and lower alkyl R¹⁸ —H, C1-C6 alkyl —H and C1-C6 —H and methyl —H and benzyl alkyl R¹⁹ —H, —COR³, —H, —COR³, lower alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C4- lower aryl, lower C6 aryl, C2-C7 alicyclic, and alicyclic, and lower aralkyl C5-C7 aralkyl R²⁰ —H, —COR², and —H, —COR², and lower alkyl C1-C4 alkyl A —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —CONR₂ ⁴, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR₂ ⁴, CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR₂ ⁴, —NHAc, and null B —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR₂ ⁹, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhalo-alkyl, and halo are optionally substituted D —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR₂ ², —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhalo-alkyl, and halo are optionally substituted E —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2- C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR₂ ⁴, —CN, —NR₂ ⁹, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted X -heteroaryl-, -heteroaryl-, methylenoxycarbonyl furan-2,5-diyl -alkylcarbonyl- -alkylamino- and furan-2,5-diyl amino-, -alkyl-, carbonyl-, and aminocarbonyl-, -alkoxy- and -alkoxy- carbonyl-, all carbonyl- optionally sub- stituted -heteroaryl-, -heteroaryl- and methylenoxycarbonyl -alkoxyalkyl- -alkoxy- alkylcarbonyl- carbonyl- amino-, -alkyl- aminocarbonyl-, -alkoxyalkyl and -alkoxy- carbonyl- G′ C, and N A″ —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —NH₂, —CONH₂, —H, —NH₂, —Cl, —Br, and —NH₂ —CONR₂ ⁴, halo, —CH₃, —CF₃ —CH₃ —CO₂R³, halo, —CH₂-halo, —CN, C1-C6 alkyl, C2- —OCH₃, —SCH₃, C6 alkenyl, C2- and —H C6 alkynyl, C1- C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR₂ ⁴, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR₂ ⁴, and —NHAc B″ —H, alykl, —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —H, —C(O)OR³, —S(CH₂)₂CH₃ alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, —C(O)SR³, C1-C6 aryl, heteroaryl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, alicyclic, aryl, —SMe alicyclic, aralkyl, alicyclic, halo, heteroaryl, and —SR³ alkoxyalkyl, —CN, —SR³, OR³ —C(O)R¹¹, and NR₂ ⁹ —S(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂ —C(O)SR³, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂, —SO₂R¹¹, —COOEt, —S(O)R³, —CN, —SMe, —CH(CH₃)₂ —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂ —NR₂ ⁹, —OR³, cyclopropyl and —COOEt —SR³, perhalo- n-propyl alkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhalo- alkyl, and halo are optionally substituted D″ —H, alkyl, —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —H, —C(O)OR³, lower —H alkenyl, alkynyl, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, alkyl, alicyclic, and aryl, heteroaryl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo alicyclic, aralkyl, alicyclic, halo, alkoxyalkyl, —NR₂ ⁹, and —SR³ —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —CN, —S(O)R³, —NR₂ ⁹, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, per- haloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted E″ —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —H, C1-C6 alkyl, —H C2-C6 alkenyl, lower alicyclic, lower alicyclic, halo, C2-C6 alkynyl, halo, —CN, —CN, —C(O)OR³, and aryl, C4-C6 —C(O)OR³, —SR³, —SR³ alicyclic, and —CONR₂ ⁴ alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, H, —Br, and —Cl —CONR₂ ⁴, —CN, —NR₂ ⁹, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except H, —CN, perhalo- alkyl, and halo are optionally substituted G″ —S— A² —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —CN, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —NH₂, —H, —H, —NH₂ —NHAc, halogen, halogen, and C1- halo, and —NH₂, —OR³, perhalo- C5 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl —Cl, alkyl, —C(O)—NR₂ ⁴, —Br C1-C6 and alkyl, C2-C6 —CH₃ alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl E² —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —NO₂, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —H, H, lower —SCN, —NHAc, —S—C≡N, —S—C≡N, —S—C≡N, —SCN, alkyl, C1-C6 —CN, halogen, —C(O)OH, —CN, helo- helogen, alkyl, —OR³, hydroxy, halogen, lower —C(O)OH, gen, —SCN, C1-C6 lower alkoxy- alkoxy, lower lower —CN, —OR³, alkoxy, methylene, alkylthio, alkoxy, C1-C6 lower C1-C6 -alkyl(OH), aryl, hydroxy, lower lower alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylthio, alkyloxy- alkyl(hydroxy), alkylthio, C1-C6 carbonyl, and —Br carbonyl, lower alkoxy- C1-C5 alkoxy, lower —CO(OH), —SR³, methylene, lower alkyl, lower or alkyloxy, Me —SH, lower aryl, lower alkyl(hydro —CN, OMe perhaloalkyl, heteroaryl, and xy), lower lower OEt heteroaryl, lower C1-C5 alkyl, or aryl, and alkylthio, alicyclic and C1- halogen, or or —(O)—CH₂—CH—CH—(CH₃)₂ C6 alkyl, or together L² and together L² and together L² and E² together E² form an E² form an form an annulated L² and E² annulated cyclic annulated cyclic cyclic group form a group group containing an cyclic additional 4 carbon group atoms including aryl, cyclic alkyl, hetero- aryl, or hetero- cyclic alkyl J² —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —NO₂, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —H, halo, H, Cl, —H —NHAc, —S—C≡N, —S—C≡N, and C1-C5 and —CN, halogen, —C(O)OH, alkyl —CH₃ —OR³, hydroxy, halogen, lower lower alkoxy- alkoxy, lower methylene, alkylthio, -alkyl(OH), aryl, hydroxy, lower alkyloxy- alkyl(hydroxy), carbonyl, lower alkoxy- —CO(OH), —SR³, methylene, lower —SH, lower aryl, lower perhaloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaryl, lower C1-C5 alkyl alicyclic and C1- C6 alkyl L² —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —NO₂, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —H, —NR₂ ⁴, —H, —H, —CN, —H, —NHAc, —S—C≡N, —S—C≡N, —S—C≡N, —CN, —SCN, methyl, —CN, halogen, —C(O)OH, —CN, —SCN, lower ethyl, —OR³, hydroxy, halogen, lower —C(O)OH, C1-C6 alkyl, propyl, lower alkoxy- alkoxy, lower lower alkyl, alicyclic, —SCN and methylene, alkylthio, alkoxy, halo- aryl, —Cl -alkyl(OH), aryl, hydroxy, lower lower gen, halogen, alkyloxy- alkyl(hydroxy), alkylthio, and lower carbonyl, lower alkoxy- C1-C5 lower alkyloxy, —CO(OH), —SR³, methylene, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, —SH, lower aryl, lower alkyl- or and perhaloalkyl, heteroaryl, and (hydroxy), alken- heteroaryl, lower C1-C5 alkyl; or lower aryl, ylene, alicyclic and C1- and OH, or C6 alkyl, or halogen, or together L² and together L² and together L² and E² together L² E² form an E² form an form an annulated and E² form annulated cyclic annulated cyclic cyclic group a cyclic group group containing an group additional 4 carbon including atoms aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, or hetero- cyclic alkyl X² —CR₂ ²—, —CF₂—, —CH₂—O— and —CH₂O— —CR₂ ²—O—, —CH₂—S— —CR₂ ²—S—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—S—, —C(S)—O—, —CH₂—C(O)—O— and —CR₂ ²—NR²⁰— A³ —H, —NR₂ ⁸, —NO₂, —H, —NH₂, —F, —NH₂ hydroxy, and —CH₃ halogen, —OR⁷, alkylamino- carbonyl, —SR⁷, lower perhalo- alkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl E³ —H, —NR₂ ⁸, —NO₂, —H and —Cl —H hydroxy, halogen, —OR⁷, alkylamino- carbonyl, —SR⁷, lower perhalo- alkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together E³ and J³ together form a cyclic group J³ —H, halogen, —H, halo, C1-C5 -ethyl lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, lower hydroxy- C1-C5 haloalkyl, alkyl, —NR₂ ⁸, R₂ ⁸N-C1-C5 lower R₂ ⁸N- alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, lower alicyclic, and -N,N-dimethylamino- haloalkyl, lower C1-C5 alkyl propyl perhaloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic or together E³ and J³ together form a cyclic group L³ —H, —NR₂ ⁸, —NO₂, —H, —F, —OCH₃, —F hydroxy, —Cl, and —CH₃ halogen, —OR⁷, alkylaminocar- bonyl, —SR⁷, lower perhalo- alkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl Y³ alicyclic and lower alkyl -i-butyl lower alkyl X³ -heteroaryl-, —CH₂OCH₂, -furan-2,5-diyl- -alkylcarbonyl- -methyleneoxy amino-, carbonyl- and -alkylamino- -furan-2,5-diyl- carbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl- n 1, 2 1

[0182] Compounds of formula IA may have oral bioavailability of at least 5% and some may have oral bio availability of at least 10%.

[0183] The prodrugs of the present invention may have two isomeric forms around the phosphorus. In one aspect, the compounds of the invention are not chiral at the phosphorus. In another aspect, there is no chiral center in the amino groups attached to the phosphorus. The prodrugs of the present invention may have isomers at the carbon substituted with R¹² and R¹³ The invention contemplates mixtures of isomers as well as individual stereoisomers. For instance, when n is 1, and R¹² is H, the carbon attached to R¹² and R¹³ can have R stereochemistry. In another aspect, when n is 1 and R¹² is —H, the carbon attached to R¹² and R¹³ can have S stereochemistry.

[0184] The present invention includes compounds designated in Table 1 as defined in the following formulae: formula i, formula ii, and formula iii.

[0185] In the above formulae i, ii, and iii, R⁵⁵ may be substituted by A and B. The compounds of formulae i, ii, and iii are listed in Table 1 by designated numbers assigned to R⁵⁵, A, B, Q¹, and Q² in the above formulae i, ii, and iii according to the following convention:

[0186] Q¹.Q².R⁵⁵.B.A. For each moiety, structures assigned to a number shown in the following tables for R⁵⁵, A, B, Q¹ and Q².

[0187] Variable R⁵⁵ is divided into two groups, each listing four different structures.

[0188] Compounds named in Table 1 of formulae i, ii, and iii wherein the R⁵⁵ moieties are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 Group 1: R⁵⁵ =

Group 2: R⁵⁵ =

[0189] Variable A moieties are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 A = NH₂ H Me Cl

[0190] Variable B moieties are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B= —SCH₃ -iBu -cPr —S-nPr —SEt -iPr -nPr —CH₂cPr

[0191] Variables Q¹ and Q² are divided into three groups, each listing eight different substituents.

[0192] Q¹ and Q² moieties are assigned the following numbers:

[0193] Group 1:

[0194] Q¹ and Q²

[0195] 1. —NH—CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0196] 2. —NH—CH(CH₃)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0197] 3. —NH—C(CH₃)₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0198] 4. —NH—C(CH₃)₂CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0199] 5. —NH—CH(CH₃)₂))—C(O)R¹⁴

[0200] 6. —NH—CH(CH₂(CH(CH₃)₂)))—C(O)R¹⁴

[0201] 7. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂SCH₃)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0202] 8. —NH—CH(CH₂SCH₂Ph)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0203] Group 2:

[0204] Q¹ and Q²

[0205] 1. —NH—CH₂CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0206] 2. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0207] 3. —NH—CH(CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0208] 4. —NH—CH(CH₂CONH₂)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0209] 5. —NH—CH(COR¹⁴)CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0210] 6. —NH—CH(CH₂OR²¹)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0211] 7. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0212] 8. —NH—CH(CH₂OH)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0213] Group 3:

[0214] Q¹ and Q²

[0215] 1. —NH—CH(CH₂—C₆H₅OH)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0216] 2. —NH—C(c-propyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0217] 3. —NH—C(c-pentyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0218] 4. —NH—C(c-hexyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0219] 5. —NH—CH(CH₂Ph)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0220] 6. —N(CH₃)—CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0221] 8. —NR²²R²³

[0222] where R¹⁴ is selected from the groups consisting of OMe, OEt, OBn, O-iPr, O-neopentyl, O-tBu, O-nPr, OPh, —N(Me)₂, oxyethylene-N-morpholino, SMe, SEt; R²¹ is methyl, ethyl, benzyl, and propyl; R²² is H, Me, Et, Bn, Pr and Ph; and R²³ is Me, Et, Bn, Pr and Ph; or R²² and R²³ is morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.

[0223] Thus, the compound 3.3.1.2.1 in Group 1 corresponds to the structure below for formula i:

[0224] and when R¹⁴ is ethoxy the structure would be:

[0225] The numbers designated in Table 1 also refer to benzothiazole and benzoxazole compounds of formula X. These compounds are shown in formulae iv and v.

[0226] The compounds of formulae iv and formula v are listed in Table 1 by designated numbers assigned to A, B, D, Q¹, and Q² in the above formulae iv and v according to the following convention: Q¹.Q².A.B.D. For each moiety, structures assigned to a number shown in the following tables for A, B, D, Q¹ and Q².

[0227] Variables Q¹ and Q² are divided into three groups, each listing eight different substituents.

[0228] Group 1:

[0229] Q¹ and Q² moieties are assigned the following numbers:

[0230] Q¹ and Q²

[0231] 1. —NH—CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0232] 2. —NH—CH(CH₃)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0233] 3. —NH—C(CH₃)₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0234] 4. —NH—C(CH₃)₂CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0235] 5. —NH—CH(CH(CH₃)₂))—C(O)R¹⁴

[0236] 6. —NH—CH(CH₂(CH(CH₃)₂)))—C(O)R¹⁴

[0237] 7. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂SCH₃)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0238] 8. —NH—CH(CH₂SCH₂Ph)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0239] Group 2:

[0240] Q¹ and Q²

[0241] 1. —NH—CH₂CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0242] 2. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0243] 3. —NH—CH(CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0244] 4. —NH—CH(CH₂CONH₂)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0245] 5. —NH—CH(COR¹⁴)CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0246] 6. —NH—CH(CH₂OR²¹)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0247] 7. —NH—CH(CH₂CH₂COR¹⁴)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0248] 8. —NH—CH(CH₂OH)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0249] Group 3:

[0250] Q¹ and Q²

[0251] 1. —NH—CH(CH₂—C₆H₅OH)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0252] 2. —NH—C(c-propyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0253] 3. —NH—C(c-pentyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0254] 4. —NH—C(c-hexyl)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0255] 5. —NH—CH(CH₂Ph)—C(O)R¹⁴

[0256] 6. —N(CH₃)—CH₂—C(O)R¹⁴

[0257] 8. —NR²²R²³

[0258] Variable B is divided into three groups, each listing eight different substituents. Group 1: B moieties are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B= H Me Et nPr Br iPr SCN cPr Group 2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B= CN F OMe OEt SMe SEt 2-furanyl C(O)OEt Group 3: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B= B & D are B & D are B & D are B & D are B & D are B & D are B & D are B & D are connected connected connected connected connected connected connected connected to form to form to form to form to form to form to form to form cyclohe- phenyl furanyl furanyl cyclo- phenyl furanyl furanyl xyl ring ring ring (O ring (O hexyl ring ring ring (O ring (O attached at attached at attached at attached at B) D) B) D) Group 3 for Variable B can only be combined with Group 3 variable for D.

[0259] Variable D is Divided into nine groups, each listing four different substituents. 1 2 3 4 Group 1: D = H Me Et SCN Group 2: Variable D is replaced with the moieties assigned in the following numbers: D = SMe SEt CH₂OMe OMe Group 3. D = null null null null Group 4: D = Pr O-Et O-Pr O-isopropyl Group 5: D = O-Bu O-isobutyl O-cyclopropyl O-pentyl Group 6: D = O-neopentyl O- O-cyclohexyl O-benzyl cyclopentyl Group 7: D = S-Pr S-isopropyl S-Bu S-isobutyl Group 8: D = S- S-pentyl S-neopentyl S-cyclopentyl cyclopropyl Group 9: D = cyclohexyl S-benzyl OCH₂OCH₃ OCH₂SCH₃

[0260] Compounds named in Table 1 of formulae iv and v wherein the A moieties are assigned the following numbers: 1 2 3 4 A = NH₂ H Me Cl

[0261] where R¹⁴ is selected from the groups consisting of OMe, OEt, OBn, O-tBu, O-nPr, OPh, O-neopentyl, —N(Me)₂, oxyethylene-N-morpholino, SMe, SEt; R²¹ is methyl, ethyl, benzyl, and propyl; R²² is H, Me, Et, Bn, Pr, and Ph; and R²³ is Me, Et, Bn, Pr and Ph; or R²² and R²³ is morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.

[0262] Thus, the compound 2.2.1.7.4 from Group 1 for B, D, Q¹ and Q² corresponds to the structure below for formula iv

[0263] and when R¹⁴ is ethoxy the structure would be

[0264] Similarly, in group 3 for variable B, the compound 2.2.1.7.4 corresponds to the structure below for formula iv

[0265] and when R¹⁴ is ethoxy the structure would be

TABLE 1 1.1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1.3 1.1.1.1.4 1.1.1.2.1 1.1.1.2.2 1.1.1.2.3 1.1.1.2.4 1.1.1.3.1 1.1.1.3.2 1.1.1.3.3 1.1.1.3.4 1.1.1.4.1 1.1.1.4.2 1.1.1.4.3 1.1.1.4.4 1.1.1.5.1 1.1.1.5.2 1.1.1.5.3 1.1.1.5.4 1.1.1.6.1 1.1.1.6.2 1.1.1.6.3 1.1.1.6.4 1.1.1.7.1 1.1.1.7.2 1.1.1.7.3 1.1.1.7.4 1.1.1.8.1 1.1.1.8.2 1.1.1.8.3 1.1.1.8.4 1.1.2.1.1 1.1.2.1.2 1.1.2.1.3 1.1.2.1.4 1.1.2.2.1 1.1.2.2.2 1.1.2.2.3 1.1.2.2.4 1.1.2.3.1 1.1.2.3.2 1.1.2.3.3 1.1.2.3.4 1.1.2.4.1 1.1.2.4.2 1.1.2.4.3 1.1.2.4.4 1.1.2.5.1 1.1.2.5.2 1.1.2.5.3 1.1.2.5.4 1.1.2.6.1 1.1.2.6.2 1.1.2.6.3 1.1.2.6.4 1.1.2.7.1 1.1.2.7.2 1.1.2.7.3 1.1.2.7.4 1.1.2.8.1 1.1.2.8.2 1.1.2.8.3 1.1.2.8.4 1.1.3.1.1 1.1.3.1.2 1.1.3.1.3 1.1.3.1.4 1.1.3.2.1 1.1.3.2.2 1.1.3.2.3 1.1.3.2.4 1.1.3.3.1 1.1.3.3.2 1.1.3.3.3 1.1.3.3.4 1.1.3.4.1 1.1.3.4.2 1.1.3.4.3 1.1.3.4.4 1.1.3.5.1 1.1.3.5.2 1.1.3.5.3 1.1.3.5.4 1.1.3.6.1 1.1.3.6.2 1.1.3.6.3 1.1.3.6.4 1.1.3.7.1 1.1.3.7.2 1.1.3.7.3 1.1.3.7.4 1.1.3.8.1 1.1.3.8.2 1.1.3.8.3 1.1.3.8.4 1.1.4.1.1 1.1.4.1.2 1.1.4.1.3 1.1.4.1.4 1.1.4.2.1 1.1.4.2.2 1.1.4.2.3 1.1.4.2.4 1.1.4.3.1 1.1.4.3.2 1.1.4.3.3 1.1.4.3.4 1.1.4.4.1 1.1.4.4.2 1.1.4.4.3 1.1.4.4.4 1.1.4.5.1 1.1.4.5.2 1.1.4.5.3 1.1.4.5.4 1.1.4.6.1 1.1.4.6.2 1.1.4.6.3 1.1.4.6.4 1.1.4.7.1 1.1.4.7.2 1.1.4.7.3 1.1.4.7.4 1.1.4.8.1 1.1.4.8.2 1.1.4.8.3 1.1.4.8.4 1.2.1.1.1 1.2.1.1.2 1.2.1.1.3 1.2.1.1.4 1.2.1.2.1 1.2.1.2.2 1.2.1.2.3 1.2.1.2.4 1.2.1.3.1 1.2.1.3.2 1.2.1.3.3 1.2.1.3.4 1.2.1.4.1 1.2.1.4.2 1.2.1.4.3 1.2.1.4.4 1.2.1.5.1 1.2.1.5.2 1.2.1.5.3 1.2.1.5.4 1.2.1.6.1 1.2.1.6.2 1.2.1.6.3 1.2.1.6.4 1.2.1.7.1 1.2.1.7.2 1.2.1.7.3 1.2.1.7.4 1.2.1.8.1 1.2.1.8.2 1.2.1.8.3 1.2.1.8.4 1.2.2.1.1 1.2.2.1.2 1.2.2.1.3 1.2.2.1.4 1.2.2.2.1 1.2.2.2.2 1.2.2.2.3 1.2.2.2.4 1.2.2.3.1 1.2.2.3.2 1.2.2.3.3 1.2.2.3.4 1.2.2.4.1 1.2.2.4.2 1.2.2.4.3 1.2.2.4.4 1.2.2.5.1 1.2.2.5.2 1.2.2.5.3 1.2.2.5.4 1.2.2.6.1 1.2.2.6.2 1.2.2.6.3 1.2.2.6.4 1.2.2.7.1 1.2.2.7.2 1.2.2.7.3 1.2.2.7.4 1.2.2.8.1 1.2.2.8.2 1.2.2.8.3 1.2.2.8.4 1.2.3.1.1 1.2.3.1.2 1.2.3.1.3 1.2.3.1.4 1.2.3.2.1 1.2.3.2.2 1.2.3.2.3 1.2.3.2.4 1.2.3.3.1 1.2.3.3.2 1.2.3.3.3 1.2.3.3.4 1.2.3.4.1 1.2.3.4.2 1.2.3.4.3 1.2.3.4.4 1.2.3.5.1 1.2.3.5.2 1.2.3.5.3 1.2.3.5.4 1.2.3.6.1 1.2.3.6.2 1.2.3.6.3 1.2.3.6.4 1.2.3.7.1 1.2.3.7.2 1.2.3.7.3 1.2.3.7.4 1.2.3.8.1 1.2.3.8.2 1.2.3.8.3 1.2.3.8.4 1.2.4.1.1 1.2.4.1.2 1.2.4.1.3 1.2.4.1.4 1.2.4.2.1 1.2.4.2.2 1.2.4.2.3 1.2.4.2.4 1.2.4.3.1 1.2.4.3.2 1.2.4.3.3 1.2.4.3.4 1.2.4.4.1 1.2.4.4.2 1.2.4.4.3 1.2.4.4.4 1.2.4.5.1 1.2.4.5.2 1.2.4.5.3 1.2.4.5.4 1.2.4.6.1 1.2.4.6.2 1.2.4.6.3 1.2.4.6.4 1.2.4.7.1 1.2.4.7.2 1.2.4.7.3 1.2.4.7.4 1.2.4.8.1 1.2.4.8.2 1.2.4.8.3 1.2.4.8.4 1.3.1.1.1 1.3.1.1.2 1.3.1.1.3 1.3.1.1.4 1.3.1.2.1 1.3.1.2.2 1.3.1.2.3 1.3.1.2.4 1.3.1.3.1 1.3.1.3.2 1.3.1.3.3 1.3.1.3.4 1.3.1.4.1 1.3.1.4.2 1.3.1.4.3 1.3.1.4.4 1.3.1.5.1 1.3.1.5.2 1.3.1.5.3 1.3.1.5.4 1.3.1.6.1 1.3.1.6.2 1.3.1.6.3 1.3.1.6.4 1.3.1.7.1 1.3.1.7.2 1.3.1.7.3 1.3.1.7.4 1.3.1.8.1 1.3.1.8.2 1.3.1.8.3 1.3.1.8.4 1.3.2.1.1 1.3.2.1.2 1.3.2.1.3 1.3.2.1.4 1.3.2.2.1 1.3.2.2.2 1.3.2.2.3 1.3.2.2.4 1.3.2.3.1 1.3.2.3.2 1.3.2.3.3 1.3.2.3.4 1.3.2.4.1 1.3.2.4.2 1.3.2.4.3 1.3.2.4.4 1.3.2.5.1 1.3.2.5.2 1.3.2.5.3 1.3.2.5.4 1.3.2.6.1 1.3.2.6.2 1.3.2.6.3 1.3.2.6.4 1.3.2.7.1 1.3.2.7.2 1.3.2.7.3 1.3.2.7.4 1.3.2.8.1 1.3.2.8.2 1.3.2.8.3 1.3.2.8.4 1.3.3.1.1 1.3.3.1.2 1.3.3.1.3 1.3.3.1.4 1.3.3.2.1 1.3.3.2.2 1.3.3.2.3 1.3.3.2.4 1.3.3.3.1 1.3.3.3.2 1.3.3.3.3 1.3.3.3.4 1.3.3.4.1 1.3.3.4.2 1.3.3.4.3 1.3.3.4.4 1.3.3.5.1 1.3.3.5.2 1.3.3.5.3 1.3.3.5.4 1.3.3.6.1 1.3.3.6.2 1.3.3.6.3 1.3.3.6.4 1.3.3.7.1 1.3.3.7.2 1.3.3.7.3 1.3.3.7.4 1.3.3.8.1 1.3.3.8.2 1.3.3.8.3 1.3.3.8.4 1.3.4.1.1 1.3.4.1.2 1.3.4.1.3 1.3.4.1.4 1.3.4.2.1 1.3.4.2.2 1.3.4.2.3 1.3.4.2.4 1.3.4.3.1 1.3.4.3.2 1.3.4.3.3 1.3.4.3.4 1.3.4.4.1 1.3.4.4.2 1.3.4.4.3 1.3.4.4.4 1.3.4.5.1 1.3.4.5.2 1.3.4.5.3 1.3.4.5.4 1.3.4.6.1 1.3.4.6.2 1.3.4.6.3 1.3.4.6.4 1.3.4.7.1 1.3.4.7.2 1.3.4.7.3 1.3.4.7.4 1.3.4.8.1 1.3.4.8.2 1.3.4.8.3 1.3.4.8.4 1.4.1.1.1 1.4.1.1.2 1.4.1.1.3 1.4.1.1.4 1.4.1.2.1 1.4.1.2.2 1.4.1.2.3 1.4.1.2.4 1.4.1.3.1 1.4.1.3.2 1.4.1.3.3 1.4.1.3.4 1.4.1.4.1 1.4.1.4.2 1.4.1.4.3 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8.6.3.7.4 8.6.3.8.1 8.6.3.8.2 8.6.3.8.3 8.6.3.8.4 8.6.4.1.1 8.6.4.1.2 8.6.4.1.3 8.6.4.1.4 8.6.4.2.1 8.6.4.2.2 8.6.4.2.3 8.6.4.2.4 8.6.4.3.1 8.6.4.3.2 8.6.4.3.3 8.6.4.3.4 8.6.4.4.1 8.6.4.4.2 8.6.4.4.3 8.6.4.4.4 8.6.4.5.1 8.6.4.5.2 8.6.4.5.3 8.6.4.5.4 8.6.4.6.1 8.6.4.6.2 8.6.4.6.3 8.6.4.6.4 8.6.4.7.1 8.6.4.7.2 8.6.4.7.3 8.6.4.7.4 8.6.4.8.1 8.6.4.8.2 8.6.4.8.3 8.6.4.8.4 8.7.1.1.1 8.7.1.1.2 8.7.1.1.3 8.7.1.1.4 8.7.1.2.1 8.7.1.2.2 8.7.1.2.3 8.7.1.2.4 8.7.1.3.1 8.7.1.3.2 8.7.1.3.3 8.7.1.3.4 8.7.1.4.1 8.7.1.4.2 8.7.1.4.3 8.7.1.4.4 8.7.1.5.1 8.7.1.5.2 8.7.1.5.3 8.7.1.5.4 8.7.1.6.1 8.7.1.6.2 8.7.1.6.3 8.7.1.6.4 8.7.1.7.1 8.7.1.7.2 8.7.1.7.3 8.7.1.7.4 8.7.1.8.1 8.7.1.8.2 8.7.1.8.3 8.7.1.8.4 8.7.2.1.1 8.7.2.1.2 8.7.2.1.3 8.7.2.1.4 8.7.2.2.1 8.7.2.2.2 8.7.2.2.3 8.7.2.2.4 8.7.2.3.1 8.7.2.3.2 8.7.2.3.3 8.7.2.3.4 8.7.2.4.1 8.7.2.4.2 8.7.2.4.3 8.7.2.4.4 8.7.2.5.1 8.7.2.5.2 8.7.2.5.3 8.7.2.5.4 8.7.2.6.1 8.7.2.6.2 8.7.2.6.3 8.7.2.6.4 8.7.2.7.1 8.7.2.7.2 8.7.2.7.3 8.7.2.7.4 8.7.2.8.1 8.7.2.8.2 8.7.2.8.3 8.7.2.8.4 8.7.3.1.1 8.7.3.1.2 8.7.3.1.3 8.7.3.1.4 8.7.3.2.1 8.7.3.2.2 8.7.3.2.3 8.7.3.2.4 8.7.3.3.1 8.7.3.3.2 8.7.3.3.3 8.7.3.3.4 8.7.3.4.1 8.7.3.4.2 8.7.3.4.3 8.7.3.4.4 8.7.3.5.1 8.7.3.5.2 8.7.3.5.3 8.7.3.5.4 8.7.3.6.1 8.7.3.6.2 8.7.3.6.3 8.7.3.6.4 8.7.3.7.1 8.7.3.7.2 8.7.3.7.3 8.7.3.7.4 8.7.3.8.1 8.7.3.8.2 8.7.3.8.3 8.7.3.8.4 8.7.4.1.1 8.7.4.1.2 8.7.4.1.3 8.7.4.1.4 8.7.4.2.1 8.7.4.2.2 8.7.4.2.3 8.7.4.2.4 8.7.4.3.1 8.7.4.3.2 8.7.4.3.3 8.7.4.3.4 8.7.4.4.1 8.7.4.4.2 8.7.4.4.3 8.7.4.4.4 8.7.4.5.1 8.7.4.5.2 8.7.4.5.3 8.7.4.5.4 8.7.4.6.1 8.7.4.6.2 8.7.4.6.3 8.7.4.6.4 8.7.4.7.1 8.7.4.7.2 8.7.4.7.3 8.7.4.7.4 8.7.4.8.1 8.7.4.8.2 8.7.4.8.3 8.7.4.8.4 8.8.1.1.1 8.8.1.1.2 8.8.1.1.3 8.8.1.1.4 8.8.1.2.1 8.8.1.2.2 8.8.1.2.3 8.8.1.2.4 8.9.1.3.1 8.8.1.3.2 8.8.1.3.3 8.8.1.3.4 8.8.1.4.1 8.8.1.4.2 8.8.1.4.3 8.8.1.4.4 8.8.1.5.1 8.8.1.5.2 8.8.1.5.3 8.8.1.5.4 8.8.1.6.1 8.8.1.6.2 8.8.1.6.3 8.8.1.6.4 8.8.1.7.1 8.8.1.7.2 8.8.1.7.3 8.8.1.7.4 8.8.1.8.1 8.8.1.8.2 8.8.1.8.3 8.8.1.8.4 8.8.2.1.1 8.8.2.1.2 8.8.2.1.3 8.8.2.1.4 8.8.2.2.1 8.8.2.2.2 8.8.2.2.3 8.8.2.2.4 8.8.2.3.1 8.8.2.3.2 8.8.2.3.3 8.8.2.3.4 8.8.2.4.1 8.8.2.4.2 8.8.2.4.3 8.8.2.4.4 8.8.2.5.1 8.8.2.5.2 8.8.2.5.3 8.8.2.5.4 8.8.2.6.1 8.8.2.6.2 8.8.2.6.3 8.8.2.6.4 8.8.2.7.1 8.8.2.7.2 8.8.2.7.3 8.8.2.7.4 8.8.2.8.1 8.8.2.8.2 8.8.2.8.3 8.8.2.8.4 8.8.3.1.1 8.8.3.1.2 8.8.3.1.3 8.8.3.1.4 8.8.3.2.1 8.8.3.2.2 8.8.3.2.3 8.8.3.2.4 8.8.3.3.1 8.8.3.3.2 8.8.3.3.3 8.8.3.3.4 8.8.3.4.1 8.8.3.4.2 8.8.3.4.3 8.8.3.4.4 8.8.3.5.1 8.8.3.5.2 8.8.3.5.3 8.8.3.5.4 8.8.3.6.1 8.8.3.6.2 8.8.3.6.3 8.8.3.6.4 8.8.3.7.1 8.8.3.7.2 8.8.3.7.3 8.8.3.7.4 8.8.3.8.1 8.8.3.8.2 8.8.3.8.3 8.8.3.8.4 8.8.4.1.1 8.8.4.1.2 8.8.4.1.3 8.8.4.1.4 8.8.4.2.1 8.8.4.2.2 8.8.4.2.3 8.8.4.2.4 8.8.4.3.1 8.8.4.3.2 8.8.4.3.3 8.8.4.3.4 8.8.4.4.1 8.8.4.4.2 8.8.4.4.3 8.8.4.4.4 8.8.4.5.1 8.8.4.5.2 8.8.4.5.3 8.8.4.5.4 8.8.4.6.1 8.8.4.6.2 8.8.4.6.3 8.8.4.6.4 8.8.4.7.1 8.8.4.7.2 8.8.4.7.3 8.8.4.7.4 8.8.4.8.1 8.8.4.8.2 8.8.4.8.3 8.8.4.8.4

[0266] The best mode of practicing the invention is with Compounds of Example numbers 50.6, 50.9, 50.15, and 50.20.

Section 1 Synthesis of Compounds of Formula I

[0267] Synthesis of compounds encompassed by the present invention typically includes some or all of the following general steps: (1) preparation of a phosphonate prodrug; (2) deprotection of a phosphonate ester; (3) modification of a heterocycle; (4) coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate component; (5) construction of a heterocycle; (6) ring closure to construct a heterocycle with a phosphonate moiety present and (7) preparation of useful intermediates. These steps are illustrated in the following scheme for compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring. Compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 6-member heteroaromatic ring or other heteroaromatic rings are prepared in an analogous manner.

[0268] (1) Preparation of a Bisamidate Phosphonate

[0269] General synthesis of bis-phosphoroamidate prodrugs:

[0270] In general, the bis-phosphoroamidates of formula I, where both —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and —N(R¹⁸)—(CR¹²R³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴ are from the same amino acid residues, can be prepared from the activated phosphonates for example, dichlorophosphonate, by coupling with an amino acid ester for example, glycine ethylester with or without base for example, N-methylimidazole. The reactive dichloridates, can be prepared from the corresponding phosphonic acid and a chlorinating agent for example, thionyl chloride (Starrett, et al., J. Med. Chem., 1994, 1857), oxalyl chloride (Stowell, et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 3261), or phosphorous pentachloride (Quast, et al., Synthesis, 1974, 490). These dichloridates can also be prepared from their corresponding disilyl esters (Bhongle, et al., Synth. Commun., 1987, 17, 1071) and dialkyl esters (Still, et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4405; Patois, et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1993, 130, 485).

[0271] Alternatively, these bis-phosphoroamidates can be prepared by reacting the corresponding phosphonic acid with an amino acid ester for example, glycine ethylester in presence of PPh₃ and 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide in pyridine as described in WO 95/07920 or Mukaiyama, T. et al, J Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 8528.

[0272] Synthesis of mixed bis-phosphoroamidates of formula I, where —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ and —N(R¹⁸)—(CR¹²R³)_(n)C(O)—R¹⁴ are different amino acid esters or a combination of an amino acid ester and a substituted amine, can be prepared by direct conversion via dichloridate as described above (sequential addition) followed by purification of the desired product (e.g., by column chromatography). Alternatively, these unsymmetrical bis-phosphoroamidates can be prepared starting with an appropriate phosphonate monoester such as phenyl ester or benzyl ester to give the mixed phosphonoesteramide via the chloridate, followed by ester hydrolysis under conditions where the amide bond is stable. The resultant mono-amide can be converted to a mixed bisamide by condensation with a second amino ester or a substituted amine via the chloridate, as described above. Synthesis of such monoesters can be prepared using the reported procedure (EP 481 214).

[0273] (2) Deprotection of a Phosphonate Ester

[0274] Compounds of formula 2 may be prepared from phosphonate esters using known phosphate and phosphonate ester cleavage conditions. Silyl halides are generally used to cleave various phosphonate esters, and subsequent mild hydrolysis of the resulting silyl phosphonate esters give the desired phosphonic acids. When required, acid scavengers (e.g. 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane, 2,6-lutidine, etc.) can be used for the synthesis of acid labile compounds. Such silyl halides include chlorotrimethylsilane (Rabinowitz, J. Org. Chem., 1963, 28: 2975), and bromotrimethylsilane (McKenna, et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1977, 155), and iodotrimethylsilane (Blackburn, et al, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1978, 870). Alternately, phosphonate esters can be cleaved under strong acidic conditions (e.g. HBr or HCl: Moffatt, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,846, 1970). These esters can also be cleaved via dichlorophosphonates, prepared by treating the esters with halogenating agents (e.g. phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chloride, BBr₃: Pelchowicz et al, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 238) followed by aqueous hydrolysis to give phosphonic acids. Aryl and benzyl phosphonate esters can be cleaved under hydrogenolysis conditions (Lejczak, et al, Synthesis, 1982, 412; Elliott, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1985, 28: 1208; Baddiley, et al, Nature, 1953, 171: 76) or metal reduction conditions (Shafer, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99: 5118). Electrochemical (Shono, et al, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44: 4508) and pyrolysis (Gupta, et al, Synth. Commun., 1980, 10: 299) conditions have also been used to cleave various phosphonate esters.

[0275] (3) Modification of an Existing Heterocycle

[0276] Syntheses of the heterocycles encompassed in the disclosed compounds have been well studied and described in numerous reviews (see section 4). Although it is advantageous to have the desired substituents present in these heterocycles before synthesis of compounds of formula 4, in some cases, the desired substituents are not compatible with subsequent reactions, and therefore modifications of an existing heterocycle are required late in the synthetic scheme using conventional chemistry (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989; Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis; Pergamon press, New York, 1991). For example, compounds of formula I wherein A, A″, or B is a halo or a cyano group can be prepared from the corresponding amine group by conversion to the diazonium group and reaction with various copper (I) salts (e.g. CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuCN). Halogens can also be introduced by direct halogenations of various heterocycles. For example, 5-unsubstituted-2-aminothiazoles can be converted to 2-amino-5-halothiazoles using various reagents (e.g. NIS, NBS, NCS). Heteroaryl halides are also useful intermediates and are often readily converted to other substituents (such as A, A″, B, B″, C″, D, D″, E and E″) via transition metal assisted coupling reactions such as Suzuki, Heck or Stille reactions (Farina et al, Organic Reactions, Vol. 50; Wiley, New York, 1997; Mitchell, Synthesis, 1992, 808; Suzuki, Pure App. Chem., 1991, 63, 419; Heck Palladium Reagents in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: San Diego, 1985). Compounds of formula I wherein A is a carbamoyl group can be made from their corresponding alkyl carboxylate esters via aminolysis with various amines, and conventional functional group modifications of the alkyl carboxylate esters are useful for syntheses of compounds of formula I wherein A is a —CH₂OH group or a -CH₂-halo group. Substitution reactions of haloheterocycles (e.g. 2-bromothiazole, 5-bromothiazole) with various nucleophiles (e.g. HSMe, HOMe, etc.) represents still another method for introducing substituents such as A, A″, B and B″. For example, substitution of a 2-chlorothiazole with methanethiol gives the corresponding 2-methylthiothiazole.

[0277] It is envisioned that when necessary alkylation of nitrogen atoms in the heterocycles (e.g. imidazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles) can be readily performed using for example standard alkylation reactions (with an alkyl halide, an aralkyl halide, an alkyl sulfonate or an aralkyl sulfonate), or Mitsunobu reactions (with an alcohol).

[0278] (4) Coupling of a Heterocycle with a Phosphonate Component

[0279] When feasible compounds disclosed in the present invention are prepared via a convergent synthetic route entailing the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component.

[0280] Transition metal catalyzed coupling reactions such as Stille or Suzuki reactions are particularly suited for the synthesis of compounds of formula I. Coupling reactions between a heteroaryl halide or triflate (e.g. 2-bromopyridine) and a M—PO₃R′ wherein M is a 2-(5-tributylstannyl)furanyl or a 2-(5-boronyl)furanyl group under palladium catalyzed reaction conditions (Farina et al, Organic Reactions, Vol 50; Wiley, New York, 1997; Mitchell, Synthesis, 1992, 808; Suzuki, Pure App. Chem., 1991, 63, 419) yield compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. It is envisioned that the nature of the coupling partners for these reactions can also be reversed (e.g. coupling of trialkylstannyl or boronyl heterocycles with a halo-X-P(O)(O-alkyl)₂). Other coupling reactions between organostannes and an alkenyl halide or an alkenyl triflate are also reported which may be used to prepared compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkenyl group. The Heck reaction may be used to prepare compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkenyl group (Heck Palladium Reagents in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press: San Diego, 1985). These reactions are particularly suited for syntheses of various heteroaromatics as R⁵ for compounds of formula I given the availability of numerous halogenated heterocycles, and these reactions are particularly suitable for parallel synthesis (e.g. combinatorial synthesis on solid phase (Bunin, B. A., The Combinatorial Index; Academic Press: San Diego, 1998) or in solution phase (Flynn, D. L. et al., Curr. Op. Drug. Disc. Dev., 1998, 1, 1367)) to generate large combinatorial libraries. For example, ethyl 5-iodo-2-furanylphosphonate can be coupled to Wang's resin under suitable coupling reaction conditions. The resin-coupled 5-iodo-2-[5-(O-ethyl-O-Wang's resin)phosphono]furan can then be subjected to transition metal catalyzed Suzuki and Stille reactions (as described above) with organoboranes and organotins in a parallel manner to give libraries of compounds of formula 3 wherein X is furan-2,5-diyl.

[0281] Substitution reactions are useful for the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component. For example, cyanuric chloride can be substituted with dialkyl mercaptoalkylphosphonates or dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonates to give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a 1,3,5-triazine, X is an alkylthio or an alkylamino group. Alkylation reactions are also used for the coupling of a heterocycle with a phosphonate diester component. For example, a heteroaromatic thiol (e.g. a 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol) can be alkylated with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) to lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylthio group. In another aspect, alkylation reactions of a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid (e.g. a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid) with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkoxycarbonyl group, while alkylation reactions of a heteroaromatic thiocarboxylic acid (e.g. a thiazole-4-thiocarboxylic acid) with a dialkyl methylphosphonate derivative (e.g. ICH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TsOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂, TfOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂) lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylthiocarbonyl group. Substitutions of haloalkyl heterocycles (e.g. 4-haloalkylthiazole) with nucleophiles containing the phosphonate group (diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate) are useful for the preparation of compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkoxyalkyl or an alkylthioalkyl group. For example, compounds of formula I where X is a —CH₂CH₂— group can be prepared from 2-chloromethylpyridine or 4-chloromethylthiazole using dialkyl hydroxymethylphosphonates and a suitable base (e.g. sodium hydride). It is possible to reverse the nature of the nucleophiles and electrophiles for the substitution reactions, i.e. haloalkyl- and/or sulfonylalkylphosphonate esters can be substituted with heterocycles containing a nucleophile (e.g. a 2-hydroxyalkylpyridine, a 2-mercaptoalkylpyridine, or a 4-hydroxyalkyloxazole).

[0282] Known amide bond formation reactions (e.g. the acyl halide method, the mixed anhydride method, the carbodiimide method) can also be used to couple a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid with a phosphonate diester component leading to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylaminocarbonyl or an alkoxycarbonyl group. For example, couplings of a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid with a dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonate or a dialkyl hydroxyalkylphosphonate give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole, and X is an alkylaminocarbonyl or an alkoxycarbonyl group. Alternatively, the nature of the coupling partners can be reversed to give compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylcarbonylamino group. For example, 2-aminothiazoles can be coupled with (RO)₂P(O)-alkyl-CO₂H (e.g. diethylphosphonoacetic acid) under these reaction conditions to give compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole and X is an alkylcarbonylamino group. These reactions are also useful for parallel synthesis of compound libraries through combinatorial chemistry on solid phase or in solution phase. For example, HOCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin), H₂NCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) and HOOCCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) (prepared using known methods) can be coupled to various heterocycles using the above described reactions to give libraries of compounds of formula 3 wherein X is a —C(O)OCH₂—, or a —C(O)NHCH₂—, or a NHC(O)CH₂—.

[0283] Rearrangement reactions can also be used to prepare compounds covered in the present invention. For example, the Curtius' rearrangement of a thiazole-4-carboxylic acid in the presence of a dialkyl hydroxyalkylphosphonate or a dialkyl aminoalkylphosphonate lead to compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkylaminocarbonylamino or an alkoxycarbonylamino group. These reactions can also be adopted for combinatorial synthesis of various libraries of compounds of formula 3. For example, Curtius' rearrangement reactions between a heterocyclic carboxylic acid and HOCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin), or H₂NCH₂P(O)(OEt)(O-resin) can lead to libraries of compounds of formula I wherein X is a —NHC(O)OCH₂—, or a NHC(O)NHCH₂—.

[0284] For compounds of formula I wherein X is an alkyl group, the phosphonate group can be introduced using other common phosphonate formation methods such as Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction (Bhattacharya et al., Chem. Rev., 1981, 81: 415), Michaelis-Becker reaction (Blackburn et al., J. Organomet. Chem., 1988, 348: 55), and addition reactions of phosphorus to electrophiles (such as aldehydes, ketones, acyl halides, imines and other carbonyl derivatives).

[0285] Phosphonate component can also be introduced via lithiation reactions. For example, lithiation of an 2-ethynylpyridine using a suitable base followed by trapping the thus generated anion with a dialkyl chlorophosphonate lead to compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyridyl, X is a 1-(2-phosphono)ethynyl group.

[0286] (5) Construction of a Heterocycle

[0287] Although existing heterocycles are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I, when required, heterocycles can also be constructed leading to compounds in the current invention. The construction of heterocycles have been well described in the literature using a variety of reaction conditions (Joule et al., Heterocyclic Chemistry; Chapman hall, London, 1995; Boger, Weinreb, Hetero Diels-Alder Methodology In Organic Synthesis; Academic press, San Diego, 1987; Padwa, 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Chemistry; Wiley, New York, 1984; Katritzsky et al., Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry; Pergarnon press, Oxford; Newkome et al., Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry: Syntheses, Reaction and Applications; Wiley, New York, 1982; Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds; Consultants Bureau, New York). Some of the methods which are useful to prepare compounds in the present invention are given as examples in the following discussion.

[0288] (i) Construction of a Thiazole Ring System

[0289] Thiazoles useful for the present invention can be readily prepared using a variety of well described ring-forming reactions (Metzger, Thiazole and its derivatives, part 1 andpart 2; Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979). Cyclization reactions of thioamides (e.g. thioacetamide, thiourea) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds (such as alpha-haloketones, alpha-haloaldehydes) are particularly useful for the construction of a thiazole ring system. For example, cyclization reactions between thiourea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-5 oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R is a thiazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group; cyclization reaction between thiourea and a bromopyruvate alkyl ester give a 2-amino-4-alkoxycarbonylthiazole which is useful for the preparations of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a thiazole and X is an alkylaminocarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonylamino, or an alkoxyacarbonylamino group. Thioamides can be prepared using reactions reported in the literature (Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis, Vol. 6; Pergamon press, New York, 1991, pages 419-434) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds are readily accessible via conventional reactions (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989). For example, amides can be converted to thioamides using Lawesson's reagent or P₂S₅, and ketones can be halogenated using various halogenating reagents (e.g. NBS, CuBr₂).

[0290] (ii) Construction of an Oxazole Ring System

[0291] Oxazoles useful for the present invention can be prepared using various methods in the literature (Turchi, Oxazoles; Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986). Reactions between isocyanides (e.g. tosylmethylisocyanide) and carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes and acyl chlorides) can be used to construct oxazole ring systems (van Leusen et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1972, 2369). Alternatively, cyclization reactions of amides (e.g. urea, carboxamides) and alpha-halocarbonyl compounds are commonly used for the construction of an oxazole ring system. For example, the reactions of urea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an oxazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Reactions between amines and imidates are also used to construct the oxazole ring system (Meyers et al, J. Org. Chem., 1986, 51(26), 5111).

[0292] (iii) Construction of a Pyridine Ring System

[0293] Pyridines useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I can be prepared using various known synthetic methods (Klingsberg, Pyridine and Its Derivatives; Interscience Publishers, New York, 1960-1984). 1,5-Dicarbonyl compounds or their equivalents can be reacted with ammonia or compounds which can generate ammonia to produce 1,4-dihydropyridines which are easily dehydrogenated to pyridines. When unsaturated 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds, or their equivalents (e.g. pyrylium ions) are used to react with ammonia, pyridines can be generated directly. 1,5-Dicarbonyl compounds or their equivalents can be prepared using conventional chemistry. For example, 1,5-diketones are accessible via a number of routes, such as Michael addition of an enolate to an enone (or precursor Mannich base (Gill et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4923)), ozonolysis of a cyclopentene precursor, or reaction of silyl enol ethers with 3-methoxyallylic alcohols (Duhamel et al, Tetrahedron, 1986, 42, 4777). When one of the carbonyl carbons is at the acid oxidation state, then this type of reaction produces 2-pyridones which can be readily converted to 2-halopyridines (Isler et al, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1955, 38, 1033) or 2-aminopyridines (Vorbruggen et al, Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1523). Alternatively, a pyridine can be prepared from an aldehyde, a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and ammonia via the classical Hantzsch synthesis (Bossart et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1981, 20, 762). Reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (or their equivalents) with 3-amino-enones or 3-amino-nitriles have also been used to produce pyridines (such as the Guareschi synthesis, Mariella, Org. Synth., Coll, Vol. IV, 1963, 210). 1,3-Dicarbonyl compounds can be made via oxidation reactions on corresponding 1,3-diols or aldol reaction products (Mukaiyama, Org, Reactions, 1982, 28, 203). Cycloaddition reactions have also been used for the synthesis of pyridines, for example cycloaddition reactions between oxazoles and alkenes (Naito et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1965, 13, 869), and Diels-Alder reactions between 1,2,4-triazines and enamines (Boger et al., J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 2179).

[0294] (iv) Construction of a Pyrimidine Ring System

[0295] Pyrimidine ring systems useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily available (Brown, The pyrimidines; Wiley, New York, 1994). One method for pyrimidine synthesis involves the coupling of a 1,3-dicarbonyl component (or its equivalent) with an N—C—N fragment. The selection of the N—C—N component—urea (Sherman et al., Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 247), amidine (Kenner et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 125) or guanidine (Burgess, J. Org. Chem., 1956, 21, 97; VanAllan, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. IV, 1963, 245)—governs the substitution at C-2 in the pyrimidine products. This method is particular useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I with various A groups. In another method, pyrimidines can be prepared via cycloaddition reactions such as aza-Diels-Alder reactions between a 1,3,5-triazine and an enamine or an ynamine (Boger et al., J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4331 and references cited therein).

[0296] (v) Construction of an Imidazole Ring System

[0297] Imidazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily prepared using a variety of different synthetic methodologies. Various cyclization reactions are generally used to synthesize imidazoles such as reactions between amidines and alpha-haloketones (Mallick et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106(23), 7252) or alpha-hydroxyketones (Shi et al, Synthetic Comm., 1993, 23(18), 2623), reactions between urea and alpha-haloketones, and reactions between aldehydes and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of amines.

[0298] (vi) Construction of an Isoxazole Ring System

[0299] Isoxazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily synthesized using various methodologies (such as cycloaddition reactions between nitrile oxides and alkynes or active methylene compounds, oximation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or alpha, beta-acetylenic carbonyl compounds or alpha,beta-dihalocarbonyl compounds, etc.) can be used to synthesize an isoxazole ring system (Grunanger et al., Isoxazoles, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991). For example, reactions between alkynes and 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran in the presence of base (e.g. triethylamine, Hunig's base, pyridine) are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an isoxazole and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group.

[0300] (vii) Construction of a Pyrazole Ring System

[0301] Pyrazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily prepared using a variety of methods (Wiley, Pyrazoles, Pyrazolines, Pyrazolidines, Indazoles, and Condensed Rings; Interscience Publishers, New York, 1967) such as reactions between hydrazines and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or 1,3-dicarbonyl equivalents (e.g. one of the carbonyl group is masked as an enamine or ketal or acetal), and additions of hydrazines to acrylonitriles followed by cyclization reactions (Dom et al, Org. Synth., 1973, Coll. Vol. V, 39). Reaction of 2-(2-alkyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-5-diethylphosphonofurans with hydrazines are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyrazole, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group and B″ is an alkyl group.

[0302] (viii) Construction of a 1,2,4-triazole Ring System

[0303] 1,2,4-Triazoles useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I are readily available via various methodologies (Montgomery, 1,2,4-Triazoles; Wiley, New York, 1981). For example, reactions between hydrazides and imidates or thioimidates (Sui et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 1929; Catarzi et al., J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(2), 2196), reactions between 1,3,5-triazine and hydrazines (Grundmann et al., J. Org. Chem., 1956, 21, 1037), and reactions between aminoguanidine and carboxylic esters (Ried et al., Chem. Ber., 1968, 101, 2117) are used to synthesize 1,2,4-triazoles.

[0304] (6) Ring Closure to Construct a Heterocycle with a Phosphonate

[0305] Compounds of formula 4 can also be prepared using a ring closure reaction to construct the heterocycle from precursors that contain the phosphonate component. For example, cyclization reactions between thiourea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R is a thiazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Oxazoles of the present invention can also be prepared using a ring closure reaction. In this case, reactions of urea and 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(-2-bromo-1-oxo)alkyl]furans are useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an oxazole, A is an amino group and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. Reactions between 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde, an alkyl amine, a 1,2-diketone and ammonium acetate are useful to synthesize compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is an imidazole and X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. These types of ring closure reactions can also be used for the synthesis of pyridines or pyrimidines useful in the present invention. For example, reaction of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[3-dimethylamino-2-alkyl)acryloyl]furans and cyanoacetamide in the presence of base gives 5-alkyl-3-cyano-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-pyridones (Jain et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3307). Subsequent conversion of these 2-pyridones to the corresponding 2-halopyridines (see references cited in section 3 for the modifications of heterocycles) will lead to compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyridine, A is a halo group, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group, and B is an alkyl group. Reactions of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[3-dimethylamino-2-alkyl)acryloyl]furans and amidines in the presence of base give 5-alkyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidines which will lead to compounds of formula I wherein R⁵ is a pyrimidine, X is a furan-2,5-diyl group and B is an alkyl group.

[0306] (7) Preparation of Various Precursors Useful for Cyclization Reactions

[0307] Intermediates required for the synthesis of compounds in the present invention are generally prepared using either an existing method in the literature or a modification of an existing method. Syntheses of some of the intermediates useful for the synthesis of compounds in the present invention are described herein.

[0308] Various aryl phosphonate dialkyl esters are particularly useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula I. For example, compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group can be prepared from a variety of furanyl precursors. It is envisioned that synthesis of other precursors may follow some or all of these reaction steps, and some modifications of these reactions may be required for different precursors. 5-Dialkylphosphono-2-furancarbonyl compounds (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde, 5-diethylphosphono-2-acetylfuran) are well suited for the synthesis of compounds of formula I wherein X is a furan-2,5-diyl group. These intermediates are prepared from furan or furan derivatives using conventional chemistry such as lithiation reactions, protection of carbonyl groups and deprotection of carbonyl groups. For example, lithiation of furan using known methods (Gschwend Org. React., 1979, 26: 1) followed by addition of phosphorylating agents (e.g. CLPO₃R₂) gives 2-dialkylphosphono-furans (e.g. 2-diethylphosphonofuran). This method can also be applied to a 2-substituted furan (e.g. 2-furoic acid) to give a 5-dialkylphosphono-2-substituted furan (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furoic acid). It is envisioned that other aryl phosphonate esters can also be prepared using this approach or a modification of this approach. Alternatively, other methods such as transition metal catalyzed reactions of aryl halides or triflates (Balthazar et al. J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45: 5425; Petrakis et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109: 2831; Lu et al. Synthesis, 1987, 726) are used to prepare aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonate esters can also be prepared from aryl phosphates under anionic rearrangement conditions (Melvin, Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22: 3375; Casteel et al. Synthesis, 1991, 691). N-Alkoxy aryl salts with alkali metal derivatives of dialkyl phosphonate provide another general synthesis for heteroaryl-2-phosphonate esters (Redmore J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35: 4114).

[0309] A second lithiation step can be used to incorporate a second group on the aryl phosphonate dialkyl ester such as an aldehyde group, a trialkylstannyl or a halo group, although other methods known to generate these functionalities (e.g. aldehydes) can be envisioned as well (e.g. Vilsmeier-Hack reaction or Reimar-Teimann reaction for aldehyde synthesis). In the second lithiation step, the lithiated aromatic ring is treated with reagents that either directly generate the desired functional group (e.g. for an aldehyde using DMF, HCO₂R, etc.) or with reagents that lead to a group that is subsequently transformed into the desired functional group using known chemistry (e.g. alcohols, esters, nitriles, alkenes can be transformed into aldehydes). For example, lithiation of a 2-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 2-diethylphosphonofuran) under normal conditions (e.g. LDA in THF) followed by trapping of the thus generated anion with an electrophile (e.g. tributyltin chloride or iodine) produces a 5-functionalized-2-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 5-tributylstannyl-2-diethylphosphonofuran or 5-iodo-2-diethylphosphonofuran). It is also envisioned that the sequence of these reactions can be reversed, i.e. the aldehyde moiety can be incorporated first followed by the phosphorylation reaction. The order of the reaction will be dependent on reaction conditions and protecting groups. Prior to the phosphorylation, it is also envisioned that some of these functional groups may be protected using a number of well-known methods (e.g. protection of aldehydes as acetals, aminals; protection of ketones as ketals). The protected functional group is then unmasked after phosphorylation. (Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W., 1991, Wiley, New York). For example, protection of 2-furaldehyde as 1,3-propanediol acetal followed by a lithiation step (using for example LDA) and trapping the anion with a dialkyl chlorophosphate (e.g. diethyl chlorophosphate), and subsequent deprotection of the acetal functionality under normal deprotection conditions produces the 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde). Another example is the preparation of 5-keto-2-dialkylphosphonofurans which encompass the following steps: acylations of furan under Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions give 2-ketofuran, subsequent protection of the ketone as ketals (e.g. 1 ,3-propanediol cyclic ketal) followed by a lithiation step as described above gives the 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furanketone with the ketone being protected as a 1,3-propanediol cyclic ketal, and final deprotection of the ketal under, for example, acidic conditions gives 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofurans (e.g. 2-acetyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran). Alternatively, 2-ketofurans can be synthesized via a palladium catalyzed reaction between 2-trialkylstannylfurans (e.g. 2-tributylstannylfuran) and an acyl chloride (e.g. acetyl chloride, isobutyryl chloride). The phosphonate moiety may be present in the 2-trialkylstannylfurans (e.g. 2-tributylstannyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran). 2-Keto-5-dialkylphosphonofurans can also be prepared from a 5-dialkylphosphono-2-furoic acid (e.g. 5-diethylphosphono-2-furoic acid) by conversion of the acid to the corresponding acyl chloride and followed by additions of a Grignard reagent.

[0310] Some of the above described intermediates can also be used for the synthesis of other useful intermediates. For example, a 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofuran can be further converted to a 1,3-dicarbonyl derivative which is useful for the preparation of pyrazoles, pyridines or pyrimidines. Reaction of a 2-keto-5-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 2-acetyl-5-diethylphosphonofuran) with a dialkylformamide dialkyl acetal (e.g. dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal) gives a 1,3-dicarbonyl equivalent as a 2-(3-dialkylamino-2-alkyl-acryloyl)-5-dialkylphosphonofuran (e.g. 2-(3-dimethylaminoacryloyl)-5-diethylphosphonofuran).

[0311] It is envisioned that the above described methods for the synthesis of furan derivatives can be, either directly or with some modifications, applied to syntheses of various other useful intermediates such as aryl phosphonate esters (e.g. thienyl phosphonate esters, phenyl phosphonate esters or pyridyl phosphonate esters).

[0312] It is conceivable that when applicable the above described synthetic methods can be adopted for parallel synthesis either on solid phase or in solution to provide rapid SAR (structure activity relationship) exploration of FBPase inhibitors encompassed in the current invention, provided method development for these reactions are successful.

[0313] Section 2.

[0314] Synthesis of Compounds of Formula X

[0315] Synthesis of the compounds encompassed by the present invention typically includes some or all of the following general steps: (1) preparation of a phosphonate prodrug; (2) deprotection of a phosphonate ester; (3) construction of a heterocycle; (4) introduction of a phosphonate component; (5) synthesis of an aniline derivative. Step (1) and step (2) were discussed in section 1, and discussions of step (3), step (4) and step (5) are given below. These methods are also generally applicable to compounds of Formula X.

[0316] (3) Construction of a Heterocycle

[0317] (i) Benzothiazole Ring System

[0318] Compounds of formula 3 wherein G″=S, i.e. benzothiazoles, can be prepared using various synthetic methods reported in the literature. Two of these methods are given as examples as discussed below. One method is the modification of commercially available benzothiazole derivatives to give the appropriate functionality on the benzothiazole ring. Another method is the annulation of various anilines (e.g. compounds of formula 4) to construct the thiazole portion of the benzothiazole ring. For example, compounds of formula 3 wherein G″=S, A²=NH₂, L², E², J²—H, X²=CH₂O, and R′=Et can be prepared from the commercially available 4-methoxy-2-amino thiazole via a two-step sequence: conversion 4-methoxy-2-aminobenzothiazole to 4-hydroxy-2-aminobenzothiazole with reagents such as BBr₃ (Node, M.; et al. J. Org. Chem. 45, 2243-2246, 1980) or AICl₃ in presence of a thiol (e.g. EtSH) (McOmie, J. F. W.; et al. Org. Synth., Collect. Vol. V, 412, 1973) followed alkylation of the phenol group with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate (Phillion, D. P.; et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 27, 1477-1484, 1986) in presence of a suitable base (e.g. NaH) in polar aprotic solvents (e.g. DMF) provide the required compound.

[0319] Several methods can be used to convert various anilines to benzothiazoles (Sprague, J. M.; Land, A. H. Heterocycle. Compd. 5, 506-13, 1957). For example, 2-aminobenzothiazoles (formula 3 wherein A=NH₂) can be prepared by annulation of compounds of formula 4 wherein W₂=H, using various common methods. One method involves the treatment of a suitably substituted aniline with a mixture of KSCN and CuSO₄ in methanol to give a substituted 2-aminobenzothiazole (Ismail, 1. A.; Sharp, D. E; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 45, 2243-2246, 1980). Alternatively, a 2-aminobenzothiazole can also be prepared by the treatment of Br₂ in presence of KSCN in acetic acid (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984). This reaction can also be done in two step sequence. For example treatment of substituted phenylthioureas with Br₂ in CHCl₃ gives substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984). 2-Aminobenzothiazoles can also be made by condensation of ortho iodo anilines with thiourea in presence of Ni catalyst (NiCl₂(PPh₃)₂) (Takagi, K. Chem. Lett. 265-266, 1986).

[0320] Benzothiazoles can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution to give 6-substituted benzothiazoles (Sprague, J. M.; Land, A. H. Heterocycle. Compd. 5, 606-13, 1957). For example bromination of formula 3 wherein G″=S, A²=NH₂, L², E², J²=H, X²=CH₂O and R′=Et with bromine in polar solvents such as AcOH gave compound of formula 3 wherein E2=Br.

[0321] Furthermore, compounds of formula 3 wherein A is a halo, H, alkoxy, alkylthio or an alkyl can be prepared from the corresponding amino compound (Larock, Comprehensive organic transformations, VCH, New York, 1989; Trost, Comprehensive organic synthesis; Pergamon press, New York, 1991).

[0322] (ii) Benzoxazoles

[0323] Compounds of formula 3 wherein G″=O, i.e. benzoxazoles, can be prepared by the annulation of ortho aminophenols with suitable reagent (e.g. cyanogen halide (A=NH₂; Alt, K. O.; et al J. Heterocyclic Chem. 12, 775, 1975) or acetic acid (A=CH₃; Saa, J. M.; J. Org. Chem. 57, 589-594, 1992) or trialkyl orthoformate (A—H; Org. Prep. Proced. Int., 22, 613, 1990)).

[0324] (4) Introduction of a Phosphonate Component

[0325] Compounds of formula 4 (wherein X²=CH₂O and R′=alkyl) can made in different ways (e.g. using alkylation and nucleophilic substitution reactions). Typically, compounds of formula 5 wherein M′=OH is treated with a suitable base (e.g. NaH) in polar aprotic solvent (e.g. DMF, DMSO) and the resulting phenoxide anion can be alkylated with a suitable electrophile often with a phosphonate component present (e.g. diethyl iodomethylphosphonate, diethyl trifluoromethylsulphonomethyl phosphonate, diethyl p-methyltoluenesulphonomethylphosphonate). The alkylation method can also be applied to the precursor compounds to compounds of formula 5 wherein a phenol moiety is present and it can be alkylated with a phosphonate containing component. Alternately, compounds of formula 4 can also be made from the nucleophilic substitution of the precursor compounds to compounds of formula 5, for example, wherein a halo group, e.g., such as a fluoro or a chloro, is present ortho to a nitro group. For example, a compound of formula 4 (wherein X²=CH₂O and R′=Et) can be prepared from a 2-chloro-1-nitrobenzene derivative by treatment with NaOCH₂P(O)(OEt)₂ in DMF. Similarly, compounds of formula 4 where X²=-alkyl-S- or -alkyl-N- can also be made.

[0326] (5) Synthesis of an Aniline Derivative

[0327] Numerous synthetic methods have been reported for the synthesis of aniline derivatives, these methods can be applied to the synthesis of useful intermediates which can lead to compounds of formula X. For example, various alkenyl or aryl groups can be introduced on to a benzene ring via transition metal catalyzed reactions (Kasibhatla, S. R., et al. WO 98/39343 and the references cited in); anilines can be prepared from their corresponding nitro derivatives via reduction reactions (e.g. hydrogenation reactions in presence of 10% Pd/C, or reduction reactions using SnCl₂ in HCl (Patil, D. G.; Chedekel, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 49, 997-1000, 1984)).

[0328] Section 3.

[0329] Synthesis of Compounds of Formula XI

[0330] WO 98/39343 describes the synthesis of phosphonic acids and esters of the benzimidazoles of Formula XI. The bisamidate phosphonates of the present invention can be prepared by using procedures described supra for compounds of Formula I.

[0331] Formulations

[0332] Compounds of the invention are administered orally in a total daily dose in a range of about 0.01 mg/kg/dose to about 100 mg/kg/dose; and from about 0.1 mg/kg/dose to about 10 mg/kg/dose. The use of time-release preparations to control the rate of release of the active ingredient is contemplated. The dose may be administered in as many divided doses as is convenient. When other methods are used (e.g. intravenous administration), compounds are administered to the affected tissue at a rate in the range from 0.05 to 10 mg/kg/hour; and from 0:1 to 1 mg/kg/hour. Such rates are easily maintained when these compounds are intravenously administered as discussed below.

[0333] For the purposes of this invention, the compounds may be administered by a variety of means including orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, or rectally in formulations containing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intraarterial injections with a variety of infusion techniques. Intraarterial and intravenous injection as used herein includes administration through catheters. Oral administration is generally preferred.

[0334] Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

[0335] Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

[0336] Aqueous suspensions of the invention contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). The aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

[0337] Oil suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oral suspensions may contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.

[0338] Dispersible powders and granules of the invention suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those disclosed above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

[0339] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

[0340] Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.

[0341] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butane-diol or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.

[0342] The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily measurable amounts for administration. For example, an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion should contain from about 3 to 330 μg of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/hr can occur.

[0343] As noted above, formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste:

[0344] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (e.g., povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach, especially when the active ingredient is susceptible to acid hydrolysis.

[0345] Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

[0346] Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.

[0347] Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

[0348] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.

[0349] Suitable unit dosage formulations include those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor compound.

[0350] It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs which have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0351] Utility

[0352] One aspect of the invention is directed to novel bis-phosphoramidate prodrugs of FBPase inhibitors to increase the oral bioavailability of the parent drugs.

[0353] FBPase inhibitors and their prodrugs may be used to treat diabetes mellitus, lower blood glucose levels, and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

[0354] FBPase inhibitors and their prodrugs may also be used to treat excess glycogen storage diseases. Excessive hepatic glycogen stores are found in patients with some glycogen storage diseases. Since the indirect pathway contributes significantly to glycogen synthesis (Shulman, G. I. Phys. Rev. 72:1019-1035, 1992), inhibition of the indirect pathway (gluconeogenesis flux) decreases glycogen overproduction.

[0355] FBPase inhibitors and their prodrugs may also be used to treat or prevent diseases associated with increased insulin levels. Increased insulin levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and atherosclerosis (Folsom, et al., Stroke, 25:66-73, 1994; Howard, G. et al., Circulation, 93:1809-1817, 1996). FBPase inhibitors and their prodrugs are expected to decrease postprandial glucose levels by enhancing hepatic glucose uptake. This effect is postulated to occur in individuals that are non-diabetic (or pre-diabetic, i.e. without elevated hepatic glucose output “hereinafter HGO” or fasting blood glucose levels). Increased hepatic glucose uptake will decrease insulin secretion and thereby decrease the risk of diseases or complications that arise from elevated insulin levels.

[0356] These aspects are described in greater detail below.

EXAMPLES

[0357] 1. Synthesis of Compounds of Formula IA.

Example 1

[0358] Preparation of 5-diethylnhosphono-2-furaldehyde (1)

[0359] Step A.

[0360] A solution of 2-furaldehyde diethyl acetal (1 mmole) in THF (tetrahydrofuran) was treated with nBuLi (1 mmole) at −78° C. After 1 h, diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added and the reaction was stirred for 40 min. Extraction and evaporation gave a brown oil.

[0361] Step B.

[0362] The resulting brown oil was treated with 80% acetic acid at 90° C. for 4 h.

[0363] Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil. Alternatively this aldehyde can be prepared from furan as described below.

[0364] Step C.

[0365] A solution of furan (1 mmole) in diethyl ether was treated with TMEDA (N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) (1 mmole) and nBuLi (2 mmole) at −78° C. for 0.5 h. Diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for another hour. Extraction and distillation gave diethyl 2-furanphosphonate as a clear oil.

[0366] Step D.

[0367] A solution of diethyl 2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole) in TBF was treated with LDA (1.12 mmole, lithium N,N-diisopropylamide) at −78° C. for 20 min. Methyl formate (1.5 mmole) was added and the reaction was stirred for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil. Preferably this aldehyde can be prepared from 2-furaldehyde as described below.

[0368] Step E.

[0369] A solution of 2-furaldehyde (1 mmole) and N,N′-dimethylethylene diamine (1 mmole) in toluene was refluxed while the resulting water being collected through a Dean-Stark trap. After 2 h the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was distilled to give. furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) as a clear colorless oil. bp 59-61° C. (3 mm Hg).

[0370] Step F.

[0371] A solution of furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) (1 mmole) and TMEDA (1 mmole) in THF was treated with nBuLi (1.3 mmole) at −40 to -48° C. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h and then cooled to −55° C. and treated with a solution of diethylchlorophosphate (1.1 mmole) in THF. After stirring at 25° C. for 12 h the reaction mixture was evaporated and subjected to extraction to give 5-diethylphosphono-furan-2-(N,N′-dimethylimidazolidine) as a brown oil.

[0372] Step G.

[0373] A solution of 5-diethylphosphonofuran-2-(N,N′-dimethyl- imidazolidine) (1 mmole) in water was treated with concentrated sulfuric acid until pH=1. Extraction and chromatography gave compound 1 as a clear yellow oil.

Example 2

[0374] Preparation of 5-diethylphosphono-2-1 [(1-oxo)alkyllfurans and 6-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)alkyl]pyridines.

[0375] Step A.

[0376] A solution of furan (1.3 mmole) in toluene was treated with 4-methyl pentanoic acid (1 mmole), trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.2 mmole) and boron trifluoride etherate (0.1 mmole) at 56° C. for 3.5 h. The cooled reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.9 mmole), filtered through a celite pad. Extraction, evaporation and distillation gave 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan as a brown oil (bp 65-77° C., 0.1 mm Hg).

[0377] Step B.

[0378] A solution of 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) in benzene was treated with ethylene glycol (2.1 mmole) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 60 h while removing water via a Dean-Stark trap. Triethyl orthoformate (0.6 mmole) was added and resulting mixture was heated at reflux for an additional hour. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-(2-furanyl)-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane as an orange liquid.

[0379] Step C.

[0380] A solution of 2-(2-furanyl)-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane (1 mmole) in THF was treated with TMEDA (1 mmole) and nBuLi (1.1 mmole) at −45° C., and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −5 to O° C. for 1 h. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to −45° C., and cannulated into a solution of diethyl chlorophosphate in THF at −45° C. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to ambient temperature over 1.25 h. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane as a dark oil.

[0381] Step D.

[0382] A solution of 2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-2-[(3-methyl)butyl]-1,3-dioxolane (1 mmole) in methanol was treated with 1 N hydrochloric acid (0.2 mmole) at 60° C. for 18 h. Extraction and distillation gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (2.1) as a light orange oil (bp 152-156° C., 0.1 mm Hg).

[0383] The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

[0384] (2.2) 5-diethylphosphono-2-acetylfuran: by 125-136° C., 0.1 mm Hg.

[0385] (2.3) 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)butyl]furan: by 130-145° C., 0.08 mm Hg.

[0386] Alternatively these compounds can be prepared using the following procedures:

[0387] Step E.

[0388] A solution of 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole, prepared as in Step A) in benzene was treated with N,N-dimethyl hydrazine (2.1 mmole) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 6 h. Extraction and evaporation gave 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan N,N-dimethyl hydrazone as a brown liquid.

[0389] Step F.

[0390] 2-[(4-Methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan N,N-dimethyl hydrazone was subjected to the procedures of Step C to give 2-[(4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]-5-diethylphosphonofuran N,N-dimethyl hydrazone as a brown liquid which was treated with copper (II) chloride (1.1 equivalent) in ethanol-water at 25° C. for 6 h. Extraction and distillation gave compound 2.1 as a light orange oil.

[0391] Some of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)alkyl]furans are prepared using the following procedures:

[0392] Step G.

[0393] A solution of compound 1(1 mmole) and 1,3-propanedithiol (1.1 mmole) in chloroform was treated with borontrifluoride etherate (0.1 mmole) at 25° C. for 24 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-1,3-dithiane as a light yellow oil.

[0394] A solution of 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-1,3-dithiane (1 mmole) in THF was cooled to −78° C. and treated with nBuLi (1.2 mmole). After 1 h. at −78° C. the reaction mixture was treated with cyclopropanemethyl bromide and reaction was stirred at −78° C. for another hour. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-2-cyclopropanemethyl-1,3-dithiane as an oil.

[0395] A solution of 2-(2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl)-2-cyclopropanemethyl-1,3-dithiane (1 mmole) in acetonitrile—water was treated with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (2 mmole) at 25° C. for 24 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-(2-cyclopropylacetyl)furan as a light orange oil.

[0396] The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

[0397] (2.4) 5-Diethylphosphono-2-(2-ethoxycarbonylacetyl)furan

[0398] (2.5) 5-Diethylphosphono-2-(2-methylthioacetyl)furan

[0399] (2.6) 6-Diethylphosphono-2-acetylpyridine

Example 3

[0400] Preparation of 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles. 4-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]thiazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazoles.

[0401] Step A.

[0402] A solution of compound 2.1 (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with copper (II) bromide (2.2 mmole) at reflux for 3 h. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The resulting dark oil was purified by chromatography to give 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan as an orange oil.

[0403] Step B.

[0404] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) and thiourea (2 mmole) in ethanol was heated at reflux for 2 h. The cooled reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the resulting yellow foam was suspended in saturated sodium bicarbonate and water (pH=8). The resulting yellow solid was collected through filtration to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0405] Step C.

[0406] A solution of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with bromotrimethylsilane (10 mmole) at 25° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was suspended in water. The resulting solid was collected through filtration to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (3.1) as an off-white solid. mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+1.25HBr: C: 32.75; H: 4.06; N: 6.94. Found: C: 32.39; H: 4.33; N: 7.18.

[0407] According to the above procedures or in some cases with minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry the following compounds were prepared:

[0408] (3.2) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₄PS+HBr+0.1CH₂Cl₂: C: 37.20; H: 4.44; N: 3.58. Found: C: 37.24; H: 4.56; N: 3.30.

[0409] (3.3) 4-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆NO₄PS+0.65HBr: C: 29.63; H: 2.36; N: 4.94. Found: C: 29.92; H: 2.66; N: 4.57.

[0410] (3.4) 2-Methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)fiuanyl]thiazole. mp 235-236° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈NO₄PS+0.25H₂O: C: 38.48; H: 3.43; N: 5.61. Found: C: 38.68; H: 3.33; N: 5.36.

[0411] (3.5) 2-Phenyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₁₈NO₄PS+HBr: C: 45.96; H: 4.31; N: 3.15. Found: C: 45.56; H: 4.26; N: 2.76.

[0412] (3.6) 2-Isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 194-197° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂NO₄PS: C: 43.96; H: 4.43; N: 5.13. Found: C: 43.70; H: 4.35; N: 4.75.

[0413] (3.7) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 164-166° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₄PS: C: 45.99; H: 4.91; N: 4.88. Found: C: 45.63; H: 5.01; N: 4.73.

[0414] (3.8) 2-Aminothiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 189-191° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PS₂: C: 33.10; H: 2.43; N: 9.65. Found: C: 33.14; H: 2.50; N: 9.32.

[0415] (3.9) 2-(1-Piperidyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₂₃N₂O₄PS+1.3HBr: C: 40.41; H: 5.15; N: 5.89. Found: C: 40.46; H: 5.36; N: 5.53.

[0416] (3.10) 2-(2-Thienyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₁₆NO₄PS₂+0.75H₂O: C: 47.05; H: 4.61; N: 3.66. Found: C: 47.39; H: 4.36; N: 3.28.

[0417] (3.11) 2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₁₇N₂O₄PS+3.75HBr: C: 28.78; H: 3.13; N: 4.20. Found: C: 28.73; H: 2.73; N: 4.53.

[0418] (3.12) 2-Acetamido-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 179-181° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇N₂O₅PS+0.25H₂O: C: 44:76; H: 5.06; N: 8.03. Found: C: 44.73; H: 5.07; N: 7.89.

[0419] (3.13) 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₇N₂O₄PS: C: 34.15; H: 2.87; N: 11.38. Found: C: 33.88; H: 2.83; N: 11.17.

[0420] (3.14) 2-Methylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 202-205° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C: 44.30; H: 5.58; N: 8.60. Found: C: 44.67; H: 5.27; N: 8.43.

[0421] (3.15) 2-(N-amino-N-methyl)amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 179-181° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈N₃O₄PS+1.25HBr: C: 33.33; H: 4.49; N: 9.72. Found: C: 33.46; H: 4.81; N: 9.72.

[0422] (3.16) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 200-220° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS+0.65HBr: C: 30.72; H: 3.11; N: 8.96. Found: C: 30.86; H: 3.33; N: 8.85.

[0423] (3.17) 2,5-Dimethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 195° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀NO₄PS+0.7HBr: C: 34.22; H: 3.41; N: 4.43. Found: C: 34.06; H: 3.54; N: 4.12.

[0424] (3.18) 2-Aminothiocarbonyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄PS₂+0.1HBr+0.3EtOAc: C: 41.62; H: 4.63; N: 7.35. Found: C: 41.72; H: 4.30; N: 7.17.

[0425] (3.19) 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 163-165° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀NO₆PS+0.5H₂O: C: 38.47; H: 3.55; N: 4.49. Found: C: 38.35; H: 3.30; N: 4.42.

[0426] (3.20) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS+1HBr: C: 32.53; H: 3.82; N: 7.59. Found: C: 32.90; H: 3.78; N: 7.65.

[0427] (3.21) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS: C: 39.42; H: 4.04; N: 10.22. Found: C: 39.02; H: 4.15; N: 9.92.

[0428] (3.22) 2-Cyanomethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 204-206° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇N₂O₄PS: C: 40.01; H: 2.61; N: 10.37. Found: C: 39.69; H: 2.64; N: 10.03.

[0429] (3.23) 2-Aminothiocarbonylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 177-182° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₄PS₂+0.2hexane+0.3HBr: C: 39.35; H: 4.78; N: 10.43. Found: C: 39.61; H: 4.48; N: 10.24.

[0430] (3.24) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 235-237° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS+0.3H₂O: C: 40.90; H: 4.67; N: 9.54. Found: C: 40.91; H: 4.44; N: 9.37.

[0431] (3.25) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 248-250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₆PS+0.1HBr: C: 36.81; H: 3.43; N: 8.58. Found: C: 36.99; H: 3.35; N: 8.84.

[0432] (3:26) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 181-184° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS₂+0.4H₂O: C: 32.08; H: 3.30; N: 9.35. Found: C: 32.09; H: 3.31; N: 9.15.

[0433] (3.27) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄PS+1H₂O+0.75HBr: C: 32.91; H: 3.80; N: 7.68. Found: C: 33.10; H: 3.80; N: 7.34.

[0434] (3.28) 2-Amino-5-methanesulfinyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS₂+0.35NaCl: C: 29.23; H: 2.76; N: 8.52. Found: C: 29.37; H: 2.52; N: 8.44.

[0435] (3.29) 2-Amino-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.2H₂O: C: 46.93; H: 3.52; N: 7.30. Found: C: 46.64; H: 3.18; N: 7.20.

[0436] (3.30) 2-Amino-5-cyclobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄PS+0.15HBr+0.15H₂O: C: 41.93; H: 4.30; N: 8.89. Found: C: 42.18; H: 4.49; N: 8.53.

[0437] (3.31) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄PSBr+0.73HBr+0.15MeOH +0.5H₂O: C: 33.95; H: 3.74; N: 7.80; S: 8.93; Br: 16.24. Found: C: 33.72; H: 3.79; N: 7.65; S: 9.26; Br: 16.03.

[0438] (3.32) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-dimethyl)aminomethyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₆N₃O₄Br₂PS+0.8CH₂Cl₂: C: 24.34; H: 3.33; N: 7.88. Found: C: 24.23; H: 3.35; N: 7.64.

[0439] (3.33) 2-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 227° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₆PS+0.1H₂O+0.2HBr: C: 33.55; H: 2.94; N: 8.69. Found: C: 33.46; H: 3.02; N: 8.49.

[0440] (3.34) 2-Amino-5-ethylthiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅PS₂: C: 35.93; H: 3.32; N: 8.38. Found: C: 35.98; H: 3.13; N: 8.17.

[0441] (3.35) 2-Amino-5-propyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C: 39.76; H: 3.94; N: 8.43. Found: C: 39.77; H: 3.72; N: 8.19.

[0442] (3.36) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₄PS+H₂O: C: 47.46; H: 4.27; N: 7.91. Found: C: 47.24; H: 4.08; N: 7.85.

[0443] (3.37) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-diethyl)aminomethyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₂₀N₃O₄Br₂PS+0.1HBr+1.4 MeOH: C: 29.47; H: 4.74; N: 7.69. Found: C: 29.41; H: 4.60; N: 7.32.

[0444] (3.38) 2-Amino-5-[(N,N-dimethyl)carbamoyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₃O₅PS+1.3HBr+1.0H₂O+0.3 Acetone: C: 28.59; H: 3.76; N: 9.18. Found: C: 28.40; H: 3.88; N: 9.01.

[0445] (3.39) 2-Amino-5-carboxyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C8H₇N₂O₆PS+0.2HBr+0.1H₂O: C: 31.18; H: 2.42; N: 9.09. Found: C: 31.11; H: 2.42; N: 8.83.

[0446] (3.40) 2-Amino-5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 240° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C: 39.76; H: 3.94; N: 8.43. Found: C: 39.42; H: 3.67; N: 8.09.

[0447] (3.41) 2-Methyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂O₄PNS+0.75HBr+0.35H₂O: C: 36.02; H: 4.13; N: 4.06. Found: C: 36.34; H: 3.86; N: 3.69.

[0448] (3.42) 2-Methyl-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂NO₄PS+0.3HBr+0.5CHCl₃: C: 37.41; H: 3.49; N: 3.79. Found: C: 37.61; H: 3.29; N: 3.41.

[0449] (3.43) 2-Methyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂NO₆PS: C: 41.64; H: 3.81; N: 4.40. Found: C: 41.61; H: 3.78; N: 4.39.

[0450] (3.44) 2-[(N-acetyl)amino]-5-methoxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.15HBr: C: 38.36; H: 3.85; N: 8.13. Found: C: 38.74; H: 3.44; N: 8.13.

[0451] (3.45) 2-Amino-5-(4-morpholinyl)methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole dihydrobromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈Br₂N₃O₅PS+0.25HBr: C: 27.33; H: 3.49; N: 7.97. Found: C: 27.55; H: 3.75; N: 7.62.

[0452] (3.46) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Mp 238° C. (decom p). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₆PS: C: 41.86; H: 3.81; N: 8.14. Found: C: 41.69; H: 3.70; N: 8.01.

[0453] (3.47) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole N,N-dicyclohexylammonium salt. Mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS₂+1.15C₁₂H₂₃N: C: 52.28; H: 7.13; N: 8.81. Found: C: 52.12; H: 7.17; N: 8.81.

[0454] (3.48) 2-[(N-Dansyl)amino]-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₂₃H₂₆N₃O₆PS₂+0.5HBr: C: 47.96; H: 4.64; N: 7.29. Found: C: 48.23; H: 4.67; N: 7.22.

[0455] (3.49) 2-Amino-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₈N₂F₃O₄PS: C: 32.94,H: 2.46, N: 8.54. Found: C: 32.57,H: 2.64, N: 8.14.

[0456] (3.50) 2-Methyl-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀NO₄PS₂ C: 37.11; H: 3.46; N: 4.81. Found: C: 36.72; H: 3.23; N: 4.60.

[0457] (3.51) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole ammonium salt. Anal. calcd for C8H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂: C: 31.07; H: 3.91; N: 13.59. Found: C: 31.28; H: 3.75; N: 13.60.

[0458] (3.52) 2-Cyano-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₉N₂O₄PS: C: 42.26; H: 3.19; N: 9.86. Found: C: 41.96; H: 2.95; N: 9.76.

[0459] (3.53) 2-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS: C: 34.79; H: 3.28; N: 10.14. Found: C: 34.57; H: 3.00; N: 10.04.

[0460] (3.54) 2-Cyano-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₄SP+0.09HBr: C: 46.15; H: 4.20; N: 8.97. Found: C: 44.81; H: 3.91; N: 8.51.

[0461] (3.55) 2-Amino-5-isopropylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₄BrN₂O₄PS₂: C: 29.94; H: 3.52; N: 6.98. Found: C: 30.10; H: 3.20; N: 6.70.

[0462] (3.56) 2-Amino-5-phenylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₄PS₂: C: 44.07; H: 3.13; N: 0.91. Found: C: 43.83; H: 3.07; N: 7.74.

[0463] (3.57) 2-Amino-5-tert-butylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS₂+0.6CH₂Cl₂: C: 36.16; H: 4.24; N: 7.27. Found: C: 36.39; H: 3.86; N: 7.21.

[0464] (3.58) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₄BrN₂O₄PS₂: C: 29.94; H: 3.52; N: 6.98. Found: C: 29.58; H: 3.50; N: 6.84.

[0465] (3.59) 2-Amino-5-ethylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS₂+0.25HBr: C: 33.11; H: 3.47; N: 8.58. Found: C: 33.30; H: 3.42; N: 8.60.

[0466] (3.60) 2-[(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5-methoxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₇PS: C: 43.08; H: 4.91; N: 7.18. Found: C: 42.69; H: 4.58; N: 7.39.

[0467] (3.61) 2-Hydroxyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₇H₆NO₅PS: C: 34.02; H: 2.45; N: 5.67. Found: C: 33.69; H: 2.42; N: 5.39.

[0468] (3.62) 2-Hydroxyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀NO₅PS: C: 39.28; H: 3.66; N: 5.09. Found: C: 39.04; H: 3.44; N: 4.93.

[0469] (3.63) 2-Hydroxyl-5-isopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₂NO₅PS+0.1HBr: C: 40.39; H: 4.10; N: 4.71. Found: C: 40.44; H: 4.11; N: 4.68.

[0470] (3.64) 2-Hydroxyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₄NO₅PS: C: 43.57; H: 4.65; N: 4.62. Found: C: 43.45; H: 4.66; N: 4.46.

[0471] (3.65) 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₀NO₆PS: C: 39.61; H: 3.32; N: 4.62. Found: C: 39.60; H: 3.24; N: 4.47.

[0472] (3.66) 2-Amino-5-vinyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.28HCl: C: 37.66; H: 3.26; N: 9.46. Found: C: 37.96; H: 3.37; N: 9.10.

[0473] (3.67) 2-Amino-4-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]thiazole hydrobromide. (3.68) 2-Methylthio-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₆NO₄PS₂: C: 43.24; H: 4.84; N: 4.20. Found: C: 43.55; H: 4.63; N: 4.46.

[0474] (3.69) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(3-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.1H₂O: C: 43.45; H: 5.04; N: 9.21. Found: C: 43.68; H: 5.38; N: 8.98.

[0475] (3.70) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PSe+0.14HBr+0.6 EtOAc: C: 38.93; H: 4.86; N: 6.78. Found: C: 39.18; H: 4.53; N: 6.61.

[0476] (3.71) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₉N₂O₄PSSe+0.7HBr+0.2 EtOAc: C: 25.57; H: 2.75; N: 6.78. Found: C: 25.46; H: 2.49; N: 6.74.

[0477] (3.72) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]selenazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PSe+HBr: C: 26.89; H: 3.01; N: 6.97. Found: C: 26.60; H: 3.16; N: 6.81.

Example 4

[0478] Preparation of 5-halo-4-12-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0479] Step A.

[0480] A solution of 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (prepared as in Step B of Example 3) (1 mmole) in chloroform was treated with N-bromo succinimide (NBS) (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole as a brown solid.

[0481] Step B.

[0482] 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (4.1) as a yellow solid. mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSBr: C: 25.86; H: 1.86; N: 8.62. Found: C: 25.93; H: 1.64; N: 8.53.

[0483] The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

[0484] (4.2) 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSCl: C: 29.96; H: 2.16; N: 9.98. Found: C: 29.99; H: 1.97; N: 9.75.

[0485] (4.3) 2-Amino-5-iodo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₂O₄PSI: C: 22.42; H: 2.28; N: 6.70. Found: C: 22.32; H: 2.10; N: 6.31.

[0486] (4.4) 2,5-Dibromo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₄NO₄PSBr₂: C: 21.62; H: 1.04; N: 3.60. Found: C: 21.88; H: 0.83; N: 3.66.

Example 5

[0487] Preparation of 2-halo-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0488] Step A.

[0489] A solution of 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]thiazole (prepared as in Step B of Example 3) (1 mmole) in acetonitrile was treated with copper (II) bromide (1.2 mmole) and isoamyl nitrite (1.2 mmole) at 0° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a brown solid.

[0490] Step B.

[0491] 2-Bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (5.1) as a yellow hygroscopic solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄PSBr: C: 36.08; H: 3.58; N: 3.83. Found: C: 36.47; H: 3.66; N: 3.69.

[0492] The following compounds were prepared according to this procedure:

[0493] (5.2) 2-Chloro-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole: Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄PSCl: C: 41.07; H: 4.07; N: 4.35. Found: C: 40.77; H: 4.31; N: 4.05.

[0494] (5.3) 2-Bromo-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole: Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇NO₄PS₂Br: C: 26.98; H: 1.98; N: 3.93. Found: C: 27.21; H: 1.82; N: 3.84.

Example 6

[0495] Preparation of Various 2- and 5-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0496] Step A.

[0497] A solution of 2-bromo-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole, prepared as in the Step A of Example 5) in DMF was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (5 mmole) and palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride (0.05 mmole) at 100° C. under nitrogen. After 5 h the cooled reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was subjected to chromatography to give 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a yellow solid.

[0498] Step B.

[0499] 2-Vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)-furanyl]thiazole (6.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₆NO₄PS+1HBr+0.1H₂O: C: 39.43; H: 4.38; N: 3.54. Found: C: 39.18; H: 4.38; N: 3.56.

[0500] This method can also be used to prepare various 5-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles from their corresponding halides.

[0501] Step C.

[0502] 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step A using 2-tributylstannylfuran as the coupling partner to give 2-amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0503] Step D.

[0504] 2-Amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (6.2). mp 190-210C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₅PS+0.25HBr: C: 39.74; H: 2.80; N: 8.43. Found: C: 39.83; H: 2.92; N: 8.46.

[0505] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0506] (6.3) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₄PS₂+0.3EtOAc +0.11HBr: C: 40.77; H: 3.40; N: 7.79. Found: C: 40.87; H: 3.04; N: 7.45.

Example 7

[0507] Preparation of 2-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0508] Step A.

[0509] A solution of 2-vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole (1 mmole, prepared as in the Step A of Example 6) in ethanol was treated with palladium on carbon (0.05 mmole) under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was evaporated and the residue was purified by chromatography to give 2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a yellow foam.

[0510] Step B.

[0511] 2-Ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)-furanyl]thiazole (7.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₈NO₄PS+1HBr: C: 39.41; H: 4.83; N: 3.53. Found: C: 39.65; H: 4.79; N: 3.61.

Example 8

[0512] Preparation of 4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazoles.

[0513] Step A.

[0514] A solution of diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with sodium hydride (1.2 mmole) followed by 2-methyl-4-chloromethylthiazole (1 mmole) at 0° C. and stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methyl-4-(diethylphosphonomethoxymethyl)thiazole.

[0515] Step B.

[0516] 2-Methyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxymethylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.1). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₀NO₄PS+0.5HBr+0.5H₂O: C: 26.43; H: 4.25; N: 5.14. Found: C: 26.52; H: 4.22; N: 4.84.

[0517] Step C.

[0518] 2-Methyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxymethylthiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 4 and followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-bromo-2-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.2). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉NO₄PSBr+0.5HBr: C: 21.04; H: 2.80; N: 4.09. Found: C: 21.13; H: 2.69; N: 4.01.

[0519] Step D.

[0520] A solution of ethyl 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-thiazolecarboxylate (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was cooled to -78° C., and treated with DIBAL-H (1M, 5 mL). The reaction was stirred at −60° C. for 3 h, and quenched with a suspension of NaF/H₂O (1 g/1 mL). The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-hydroxymethylthiazole as a solid.

[0521] Step E.

[0522] A solution of 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-hydroxymethylthiazole (1 mmole) in DMF (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with NaH (1.1 mmole). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, then phosphonomethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.1 mmole) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 4 h, the reaction was evaporated to dryness. Chromatography of the residue gave 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxylmethylthiazole as a solid.

[0523] Step F.

[0524] 2-[(N-Boc)amino]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxylmethylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxymethylthiazole (8.3) as a solid. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₉N₂O₄PS+0.16HBr+0.1 MeOH: C: 25.49; H: 4.01; N: 11.66. Found: C: 25.68; H: 3.84; N: 11.33.

Example 9

[0525] Preparation of 2-carbamoyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0526] Step A.

[0527] A solution of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in saturated methanolic ammonia solution at 25° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole as a white solid.

[0528] Step B.

[0529] 2-Carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-carbamoyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.1) as a solid. mp 185-186° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₅PS: C: 43.64; H: 4.58; N: 8.48. Found: C: 43.88; H: 4.70; N: 8.17.

[0530] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0531] (9.2) 2-Carbamoyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 195-200° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₅PS+0.25H₂O: C: 34.48; H: 2.71; N: 10.05. Found: C: 34.67; H: 2.44; N: 9.84.

[0532]2-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazoles can also be converted to other 2-substituted 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0533] Step C.

[0534] A solution of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methanol was treated with sodium borohydride (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-hydroxymethyl -4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0535] Step D.

[0536] 2-Hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-hydroxymethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.3). mp 205-207° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈NO₅PS+0.25H₂O: C: 36.16; H: 3.22; N: 5.27. Found: C: 35.98; H: 2.84; N: 5.15.

[0537] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0538] (9.4) 2-Hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp 160-170° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₅PS+0.75HBr: C: 38.13; H: 4.47; N: 3.71. Found: C: 37.90; H: 4.08; N: 3.60.

[0539] Step E.

[0540] A solution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with phosphorus tribromide (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0541] Step F.

[0542] 2-Bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.5). mp 161-163° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅BrNO₄PS+0.25HBr: C: 35.99; H: 3.84; N: 3.50. Found: C: 36.01; H: 3.52; N: 3.37.

[0543] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0544] (9.6) 2-Bromomethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇BrNO₄PS: C: 29.65; H: 2.18; N: 4.32. Found: C: 29.47; H: 1.99; N: 4.16.

[0545] Step G.

[0546] A solution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in methylene chloride was treated with thionyl chloride (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-chloromethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0547] Step H.

[0548] 2-Chloromethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-chloromethyl-5-isobutyl -4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.7). mp 160-162° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅ClNO₄PS+0.45HBr: C: 38.73; H: 4.18; N: 3.76. Found: C: 38.78; H: 4.14; N: 3.73.

[0549] Step I.

[0550] A solution of 2-bromomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with potassium phthalimide (1.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-phthalimidomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0551] Step J.

[0552] 2-Phthalimidomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with hydrazine (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-aminomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0553] Step K.

[0554] 2-Aminomethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-thiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-aminomethyl-5-isobutyl -4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (9.8). mp 235-237° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄PS+0.205HBr: C: 43.30; H: 5.21; N: 8.41. Found: C: 43.66; H: 4.83; N: 8.02.

[0555] According to the above procedures or in some cases with some minor modifications of the above procedures, the following compounds were prepared:

[0556] (9.9) 2-Carbamoyl-5-cyclopropyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.15HBr: C: 40.48; H: 3.44; N: 8.58. Found: C: 40.28; H: 3.83; N: 8.34.

[0557] (9.10) 2-Carbamoyl-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.75H₂O: C: 38.04; H: 3.99; N: 8.87. Found: C: 37.65; H: 3.93; N: 8.76.

Example 10

[0558] Preparation of 4-[12-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles.

[0559] Step A.

[0560] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furanyl (1 mmole) in t-BuOH was treated with urea (10 mmole) at reflux for 72 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole, and 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole.

[0561] Step B.

[0562] 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole (10.1). mp 250° C. (decomp.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P: C: 46.16; H: 5.28 ; N: 9.79. Found: C: 45.80; H: 5.15; N: 9.55.

[0563] Step C.

[0564] 2-Hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-hydroxy-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole (10.14). mp 205° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P: C: 46.16; H: 5.28 ; N: 9.79. Found: C: 45.80; H: 4.90 ; N: 9.73:

[0565] Alternatively 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles can be prepared as follows:

[0566] Step D.

[0567] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(2-bromo-4-methyl-1-oxo)pentyl]furan (1 mmole) in acetic acid was treated with sodium acetate (2 mmole) and ammonium acetate (2 mmole) at 100° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-oxazole, 2-methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole.

[0568] Step E.

[0569] 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole, 2-methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]oxazole and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

[0570] (10.18) 2-Methyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. mp >230° C.; Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇BrNO₅P+0.4H₂O: C: 38.60; H: 4.81; N: 3.75. Found: C: 38.29; H: 4.61; N: 3.67.

[0571] (10.19) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇BrNO₅P: C: 39.36; H: 4.68; N: 3.83. Found: C: 39.33; H: 4.56; N: 3.85.

[0572] (10.21) 2-Methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈BrN₂O₄P+0.2NH₄Br: C: 37.46; H: 4.93; N: 8.01. Found: C: 37.12; H: 5.11; N: 8.28.

[0573] Alternatively 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles can be prepared as follows:

[0574] Step F.

[0575] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-(bromoacetyl)furan (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with trifluoroacetamidine (2 mmole) at 80° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole as an oil.

[0576] Step G.

[0577] 2-Trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-trifluoromethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)-furanyl]imidazole

[0578] (10.22). mp 188° C. (dec.); Anal. calcd. for C₈H₆F₃N₂O₄P+0.5HBr: C: 29.79 ; H: 2.03; N: 8.68. Found: C: 29.93; H: 2.27; N: 8.30.

[0579] Alternatively 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]-imidazole can be prepared as follows: Step H. A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (1 mmole), ammonium acetate (1.4 mmole), 3,4-butanedione (3 mmole) and isobutylamine (3 mmole) in glacial acetic acid was heated at 100° C. for 24 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole as an yellow solid.

[0580] Step I.

[0581] 4,5-Dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4,5-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole (10.23); Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₄P+1.35HBr: C: 38.32; H: 5.03; N: 6.87. Found: C: 38.09; H: 5.04; N: 7.20.

[0582] According to the above procedures or in some cases with some minor modifications of the above procedures, the following compounds were prepared:

[0583] (10.2) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 250° C. (decomp.); Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₅P: C: 44.13; H: 4.81; N: 10.29. Found: C: 43.74; H: 4.69; N: 9.92.

[0584] (10.3) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.4H₂O: C: 40.73; H: 4.48 ; N: 10.56. Found: C: 40.85; H: 4.10 ; N: 10.21.

[0585] (10.4) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅P+0.1H₂O: C: 39.07 ; H: 3.77 ; N: 11.39. Found: C: 38.96; H: 3.59; N: 11.18.

[0586] (10.5) 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₇N₂O₅P+0.6H₂O: C: 34.90; H: 3.43; N: 11.63. Found: C: 34.72; H: 3.08; N: 11.35.

[0587] (10.6) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₅BrP+0.4H₂O: C: 35.29; H: 4.52 ; N: 7.48. Found: C: 35.09; H: 4.21; N: 7.34.

[0588] (10.7) 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₅P: C: 50.99; H: 3.62 ; N: 9.15. Found: C: 50.70; H: 3.43 ; N: 8.96.

[0589] (10.8) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₅P+1.1H₂O: C: 49.45; H: 4.51; N: 8.24. Found: C: 49.35; H: 4.32; N: 8.04.

[0590] (10.9) 2-Amino-5-cyclohexylmethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅P+0.3H₂O: C: 50.70; H: 5.96 ; N: 8.45. Found: C: 50.60; H: 5.93 ; N: 8.38.

[0591] (10.10) 2-Amino-5-allyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.4HBr+0.3H₂O: C: 39.00; H: 3.93; N: 9.10. Found: C: 39.31; H: 3.83; N: 8.76.

[0592] (10:11) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₅P: C: 48.72; H: 5.20 ; N: 5.16. Found: C: 48.67; H: 5.02 ; N: 5.10.

[0593] (10.12) 2-Amino-5-butyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P+0.2H₂O: C: 45.59; H: 5.36; N: 9.67. Found: C: 45.32; H: 5.29; N: 9.50.

[0594] (10.13) 5-Isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole-2-one. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄NO₆P+0.39HBr: C: 41.45; H: 4.55 ; N: 4.39. Found: C: 41.79; H: 4.22 ; N: 4.04.

[0595] (10.15) 5-Cyclohexylmethyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅P+0.05HBr: C: 50.90; H: 5.81; N: 8.48. Found: C: 51.06; H: 5.83; N: 8.25.

[0596] (10.16) 5-Butyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅P+0.2H₂O: C: 45.59; H: 5.36; N: 9.67. Found: C: 45.77; H: 5.34; N: 9.39.

[0597] (10.17) 5-Benzyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O₅P: C: 52.51; H: 4.09; N: 8.75. Found: C: 52.29; H: 4.15; N: 8.36.

[0598] (10.20) 2-Methyl-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆BrN₂O₄P+0.5H₂O: C: 36.69; H: 4.76; N: 7.78. Found: C: 36.81; H: 4.99; N: 7.42.

[0599] (10.24) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienylmethyl)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.9HBr: C: 36.12; H: 3.01; N: 7.02. Found: C: 36.37; H: 2.72; N: 7.01.

[0600] (10.25) 2-Dimethylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₂₀BrN₂O₅P+0.05HBr: C: 39.11; H: 5.06; N: 7.02. Found: C: 39.17; H: 4.83; N: 6.66

[0601] (10.26) 2-Isopropyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₄H₂₀NO₅P+0.8HBr: C: 44.48; H: 5.55; N: 3.71. Found: C: 44.45; H: 5.57; N: 3.73.

[0602] (10.27) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 245° C. (decomp.). Anal. Calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₇P: C: 39.75; H: 3.67; N: 9.27. Found: C: 39.45; H: 3.71; N: 8.87

[0603] (10.28) 2-Methylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₈BrN₂05P+0.7H₂O: C: 36.60; H: 4.97; N: 7.11. Found: C: 36.50; H: 5.09; N: 7.04.

[0604] (10.29) 2-Ethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₉BrNO₅P: C: 41.07; H: 5.04; N: 3.68. Found: C: 41.12; H: 4.84; N: 3:62.

[0605] (10.30) 2-Ethylamino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₂₀BrN₂O₅P: C: 39.51; H: 5.10; N: 7.09. Found: C: 39.03; H: 5.48; N: 8.90.

[0606] (10.31) 2-Vinyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₆NO₅P+0.25HBr: C: 49.18; H: 5.16; N: 4.41. Found: C: 48.94; H: 5.15; N: 4.40.

[0607] (10.32) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₅P+0.5H₂O: C: 46.61; H: 5.87; N: 9.06. Found: C: 46.38; H: 5.79; N: 9.07.

[0608] (10.33) 5-Pentyl-2-hydroxy-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₅P: C: 48.00; H: 5.71; N: 9.33. Found: C: 48.04; H: 5.58; N: 9.26.

[0609] (10.45) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 196° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₅PS: C: 34.79; H: 3.28; N: 10.14. Found: C: 34.60; H: 2.97; N: 10.00.

[0610] (10.35) 2-Amino-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₅H₁₃N₂O₇P+0.7H₂O: C: 47.81; H: 3.85; N: 7.43. Found: C: 47.85; H: 3.88; N: 7.21.

[0611] (10.36) 2-Amino-5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 221° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₇P+0.9H₂O: C: 39.75; H: 4.49; N: 8.43. Found: C: 39.72; H: 4.25; N: 8.20.

[0612] (10.37) 2-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 240° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₉H₉N₂O₇P+0.3H₂O=0.1 Acetone: C: 37.31; H: 3.43; N: 9.36. Found: C: 37.37; H: 3.19; N: 9.01.

[0613] (10.38) 2-Amino-5-[(N-methyl)carbamoyl]-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 235° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₀N₃O₆P: C: 37.64; H: 3.51; N: 14.63. Found: C: 37.37; H: 3.22; N: 14.44.

[0614] (10.39) 2-Amino-5-ethylthiocarbonyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. mp 225° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₆PS: C: 37.74; H: 3.48; N: 8.80. Found: C: 37.67; H: 3.27; N: 8.46.

[0615] (10.40) 2-Amino-5-isopropylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₅PS+0.2HBr: C: 37.48; H: 4.15; N: 8.74. Found: C: 37.39; H: 4.11; N: 8.56.

[0616] (10.41) 2-Amino-5-phenylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.25HBr: C: 43.55; H: 3.16; N: 7.81. Found: C: 43.82H: 3.28; N: 7.59.

[0617] (10.42) 2-Amino-5-ethylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₉H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.85HBr: C: 30.11; H: 3.33; N: 7.80. Found: C: 30.18; H: 3.44; N: 7.60.

[0618] (10.43) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₅+H₂O: C: 37.27; H: 4.69; N: 8.69; H₂0: 5.59. Found: C: 37.27; H: 4.67; N: 8.60; H₂0: 5.66.

[0619] (10.44) 2-Amino-5-tert-butylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅PS+0.25HBr: C: 39.03; H: 4.54; N: 8.28. Found: C: 39.04; H: 4.62; N: 8.06.

[0620] (10.34) 4,5-Dimethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄P+1.25H₂O: C: 40.84; H: 5.14; N: 10.58. Found: C: 41.02; H: 5.09; N: 10.27.

Example 11

[0621] Preparation of N-alkylated 4-[12-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazoles and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]oxazoles.

[0622] Step A.

[0623] A suspension of cesium carbonate (1.5 mmole) and 2-methyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]imidazole (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with iodomethane (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 16 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 1,2-dimethyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-fiuanyl]imidazole and 1,2-dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]imidazole.

[0624] Step B.

[0625] 1,2-Dimethyl-4-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole and 1,2-dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]-imidazole were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

[0626] (11.1) 1,2-Dimethyl-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]imidazole hydrogen bromide. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₂₀N₂O₄PBr+0.8H₂O: C: 39.67; H: 5.53; N: 7.12. Found: C: 39.63; H: 5.48; N: 7.16.

Example 12

[0627] Preparation of 2-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridly]pyridine.

[0628] Step A.

[0629] A solution of 2,2′-bipyridyl (1 mmole) in dichloromethane was treated with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (2 mmole) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide.

[0630] Step B.

[0631] (Redmore, D., J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 4114) A solution of 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide methyl ether (1 mmole, prepared from dimethyl sulfate and 2,2′-bipyridyl-N-oxide in diethyl phosphite) was added slowly at −30° C. to a solution of n-butyl lithium (1 mmole) in diethyl phosphite at −30° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[2-(6-diethylphosphono)pyridyl]pyridine.

[0632] Step C.

[0633] 2-[2-(6-Diethylphosphono)pyridyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-[2-(6-phosphono)pyridyl]pyridine (12.1). mp 158-162° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₉N₂O₃P+0.5H₂O+O0.1HBr: C: 47.42; H: 4.02; N: 11.06. Found: C: 47.03; H: 3.67; N: 10.95.

Example 13

[0634] Preparation of 4.6-dimethyl-2-(phosphonomethoxymethyl)pyridine.

[0635] Step A.

[0636] A solution of 2,4,6-collidine (1 mmole) in carbon tetrachloride was treated with NBS (5 mmole) and dibenzoyl peroxide (0.25 mmole) at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and the precipitate was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. Chromatography gave 2-bromomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine.

[0637] Step B.

[0638] A solution of diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate (1 mmole) in toluene was treated with sodium hydride (1.1 mmole) at 0° C., and after 15 min 2-bromomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine (1 mmole) was added. After 3 h the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine.

[0639] Step C.

[0640] 2-Diethylphosphonomethyl-4,6-dimethylpyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4,6-dimethyl-2-(phosphonomethoxymethyl)pyridine (13.1). mp 109-112° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₄NO₄P+1.0H₂O+0.5HBr: C: 37.32; H: 5.74; N: 4.84. Found: C: 37.18; H: 5.38; N: 4.67.

[0641] The following compound was prepared similarly:

[0642] (13.2) 2-Amino-4-methyl-5-propyl-6-phosphonomethoxymethylpyrimidine. mp 153-156° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₈N₃O₄P+1.25H₂O+1.6HBr: C: 28.11; H: 5.21; N: 9.84. Found: C: 28.25; H: 4.75; N: 9.74.

Example 14

[0643] Preparation of diethyl 5-tributylstannyl-2-furanphosphonate.

[0644] A solution of diethyl 2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole, prepared as in Step C of Example 1) in THF was cooled at −78° C. and cannulated to a solution of lithium N-isopropyl-N-cyclohexylamide in THF at −78° C. over 15 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h and cannulated into a solution of tributyltin chloride (1 mmole) in THF at −78° C. over 20 min. The mixture was then stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave compound (14) as a light yellow oil.

Example 15.

[0645] Preparation of 6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridines.

[0646] Step A.

[0647] A solution of 2,6-dichloropyridine (120 mmol) in ethanol was treated with aqueous ammonia solution (28%, excess) at 160-165° C. for 60 h in a sealed tube. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-6-chloropyridine as a white solid.

[0648] Step B.

[0649] A solution of 2-amino-6-chloropyridine (1 mmole) and compound 14 (1 mmole) in p-xylene was treated with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.05 mmole) at reflux for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine as a light yellow solid.

[0650] Step C.

[0651] 2-Amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine (15.1). mp 186-187° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄P+0.4HBr: C: 39.67; H: 3.48; N: 10.28. Found: C: 39.95; H: 3.36; N: 10.04.

[0652] Step D.

[0653] A solution of 2-amino-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in acetic acid was treated with a solution of bromine in acetic acid (1N, 1 mmole) at 25° C. for 0.5 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine and 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0654] Step E.

[0655] 2-Amino-5-bromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine and 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine were subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give the following compounds:

[0656] (15.2) 6-Amino-3-bromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈BrN₂O₄P+0.7H₂O=0.9HBr+0.12PhCH₃: C: 28.44; H: 2.73; N: 6.74. Found: C: 28.64; H: 2.79; N: 6.31.

[0657] (15.3) 6-Amino-3,5-dibromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 233-235° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇Br₂N₂O₄P+1.2HBr: C: 21.84; H: 1.67; N: 5.66. Found: C: 21.90; H: 1.52; N: 5.30.

[0658] Step F.

[0659] A solution of 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (1.2 mmole) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.2 mmole) at 85° C. for 4 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-3,5-bis(vinyl)-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0660] Step G.

[0661] A solution of 2-amino-3,5-bis(vinyl)-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyridine (1 mmole) in ethyl acetate was treated with palladium on carbon (10%) at 25° C. under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 h. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0662] Step H.

[0663] 2-Amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine

[0664] (15.4). mp 217-218° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇N₂O₄P+0.7H₂O=1.0HBr: C: 40.06; H: 5.02; N: 7.19. Found: C: 40.14; H: 4.70; N: 6.87.

[0665] Step I.

[0666] A solution of 2-amino-6-picoline (1 mmole) in 48% hydrobromic acid (4.4 mmole) was treated with bromine (3 mmole) at 0° C. for 1 h. An aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (2.5 mmole) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (9.4 mmole) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2,3-dibromo-6-picoline and 2,3,5-tribromo-6-picoline.

[0667] Step J.

[0668] 2,3-Dibromo-6-picoline was subjected to Step B of Example 15 and followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine

[0669] (15.5). mp 207-208° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₉BrNO₄P+0.6HBr: C: 32.76; H: 2.64; N: 3.88. Found: C: 32.62; H: 2.95; N: 3.55.

[0670] Following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures or with some minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry.

[0671] (15.6) 2-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 220-221° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈NO₄P+0.1H₂O=0.45HBr: C: 41.05; H: 3.31; N: 5.32. Found: C: 41.06; H: 3.10; N: 5.10.

[0672] (15.7) 2-Amino-3-nitro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 221-222° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈N₃O₆P+0.55HBr+0.02PhCH₃: C: 33.12; H: 2.65; N: 12.68. Found: C: 33.22; H: 2:43; N: 12.26.

[0673] (15.8) 2,3-Diamino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 150-153° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄P+1.5HBr+0.05PhCH₃: C: 29.46; H: 3.15; N: 11.02. Found: C: 29.50; H: 3.29; N: 10.60.

[0674] (15.9) 2-Chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 94-96° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇ClNO₄P+0.25HBr: C: 38.63; H: 2.61; N: 5.01. Found: C: 38.91; H: 3.00; N: 5.07.

[0675] (15.10) 3,5-Dichloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 180-181° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₆C₁₂NO₄P+0.7HBr: C: 31.61; H: 2.01; N: 3.94. Found: C: 31.69; H: 2.09; N: 3.89.

[0676] (15.11) 3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 253-254° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₆ClF₃NO₄P: C: 36.67; H: 1.85; N: 4.28. Found: C: 36.69; H: 1.89; N: 4.30.

[0677] (15.12) 2-Amino-3-ethyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 220-221° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄P+0.6HBr+0.2H₂O: C: 41.24; H: 4.40; N: 8.74. Found: C: 41.02; H: 4.57; N: 8.68.

[0678] (15.13) 6-Amino-3-ethyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄P+1.0HBr+0.3H₂O: C: 37.27; H: 4.15; N: 7.90. Found: C: 37.27; H: 4.19; N: 7.51.

[0679] (15.14) 6-Amino-3-propyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 252-253° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄P+1.OHBr+1.0H₂O=0.32PhCH₃: C: 41.65; H: 5.05; N: 6.82. Found: C: 41.97; H: 5.19; N: 6.83.

[0680] (15.15) 2,4-Dimethyl-3-bromo-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. mp 232-233° C. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁BrNO₄P+0.45HBr: C: 35.85; H: 3.13; N: 3.80. Found: C: 35.98; H: 3.10; N: 3.71.

[0681] (15.16) 2-Chloro-4-amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈N₂O₄PCl+HBr+0.5H₂O=MeOH: C: 30.99; H: 3.38; N: 7.23. Found: C: 31.09; H: 3.21; N: 6.96.

[0682] (15.17) 3—Hydroxyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈NO₅P+1.1HBr+0.3 CH₃Ph: C: 37.26; H: 3.24; N: 3.91. Found: C: 37.66; H: 3.55; N: 3.84.

[0683] (15.19) 2-Amino-3-cyclopropyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁2H₃N₂O₄PCl+HBr+0.4H₂O: C: 39.13; H: 4.05; N: 7.61. Found: C: 39.06; H: 3.85; N: 7.37.

[0684] (15.20) 2-Amino-5-cyclopropyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁2H₁₃N₂O₄P+HBr+0.7 CH₃Ph: C: 47.69; H: 4.64; N: 6.58. Found: C: 47.99; H: 4.62; N: 6.91.

[0685] (15.21) 5-Amino-2-methoxy-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₅P+0.2H₂O: C: 43.87; H: 4.20; N: 10.23. Found: C: 43.71; H: 3.77; N: 9.77.

[0686] (15.22) 2-Methyl-5-cyano-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₉N₂O₄P+0.75HBr+0.5H₂O=0.5MePh: C: 45.84; H: 3.91; N: 7.37. Found: C: 45.93; H: 3.56; N: 7.36.

[0687] (15.23) 2-Amino-3,5-bis(cyano)-4-methyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₉N₄O₄P+0.7H₂O: C: 45.49; H: 3.31; N: 17.68. Found: C: 45.48; H: 3.06; N: 17.51.

[0688] (15.24) 2-Chloro-4-cyano-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₆N₂O₄PCl: C: 42.20; H: 2.13; N: 9.84. Found: C: 41.95; H: 2.10; N: 9.47.

Example 16

[0689] Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines and 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines.

[0690] Step A.

[0691] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-[(1-oxo)pentyl]furan in N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal was heated at reflux for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 5-(2-propyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate.

[0692] Step B.

[0693] A solution of diethyl 5-(2-propyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with guanidine hydrogen chloride (1.2 mmole) and sodium ethoxide (1 mmole) at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated, and residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous solution was neutralized with HCl (2 N), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene to give 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-ethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

[0694] Step C.

[0695] 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-ethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (1 mmole) and thionyl chloride was heated at reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride, and treated with excess pyridine and ethanol at 25° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-di ethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine.

[0696] Step D.

[0697] 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-propyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (16.1). mp 258-259° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₃O₄P+1.33H₂O: C: 43.01; H: 5.47; N: 13.68. Found: C: 43.18; H: 5.31; N: 13.30.

[0698] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0699] (16.2) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 218-220° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆N₃O₄P+0.75HBr+0.3PhCH₃: C: 43.92; H: 5.01; N: 10.90. Found: C: 44.02; H: 4.62; N: 10.69.

[0700] Alternatively other 4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidines can be prepared according to the following procedures:

[0701] Step E.

[0702] Compound 2.2 was subjected to Step A of Example 16 to give diethyl 5-(3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate as an orange solid.

[0703] Step F.

[0704] A solution of diethyl 5-(3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole), sodium ethoxide ethanol solution (2 mmole) and guanidine hydrochloride (1.1 mmole) was heated at 55° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and was neutralized with 1N HCl. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)-furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

[0705] Step G.

[0706] 2-Amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]-pyrimidine (16.3). mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₃O₄P+0.75H₂O=0.2HBr: C: 35.48; H: 3.61; N: 15.51. Found: C: 35.42; H: 3.80; N: 15.30.

[0707] Step H.

[0708] A solution of 2-amino-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (1 mmole) in methanol and chloroform was treated with NBS (1.5 mmole) at 25° C. for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine as a yellow solid.

[0709] Step I.

[0710] 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine was subjected to Steps F and G of Example 15 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-ethyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine (16.4). mp >225° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₃O₄P+1.4H₂O=0.2HBr+0.25PhCH₃: C: 42.30; H: 5.14; N: 12.59. Found: C: 42.74; H: 4.94; N: 12.13.

[0711] The following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures or with some minor modifications using conventional chemistry:

[0712] (16.5) 2-[2-(5-Phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 194-196° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄P+0.1H₂O=0.55HBr: C: 35.27; H: 2.87; N: 10.28. Found: C: 35.26; H: 2.83; N: 9.89.

[0713] (16.6) 2-Amino-6-methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 238-239° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄P+0.9HBr: C: 32.96; H: 3.35; N: 12.81. Found: C: 33.25; H: 3.34; N: 12.46.

[0714] (16.7) 2-Methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 228-229° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C: 38.44; H: 3.58; N: 9.96. Found: C: 38.19; H: 3.25; N: 9.66.

[0715] (16.8) 2-Methyl-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 206-212° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄P+0.9H₂O=0.25HBr: C: 34.05; H: 3.30; N: 8.82. Found: C: 34.02; H: 3.06; N: 8.75.

[0716] (16.9) 4,6-Dimethyl-5-bromo-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. mp 251-252° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀BrN₂O₄P: C: 36.06; H: 3.03; N: 8.41. Found: C: 35.89; H: 2.82; N: 8.11.

[0717] (16.10) 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇ClN₃O₄P+0.5H₂O: C: 33.76; H: 2.83; N: 14.76. Found: C: 33.91; H: 2.86; N: 14.20.

[0718] (16.11) 2-Amino-6-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. calcd. for C1H₁₀N₃O₄PS+HBr: C: 29.36; H: 3.01; N: 11.41. Found: C: 29.63; H: 3.02; N: 11.27.

[0719] (16.12) 2-Amino-5-bromo-6-methylthio-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₃O₄PSBr+0.8HBr+0.2MePh: C: 27.80; H: 2.56; N: 9.35. Found: C: 27.74; H: 2.40; N: 8.94.

[0720] (16.13) 2-Amino-(4-morpholino)-4-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₄O₅P+HBr+0.05 MePh: C: 36.02; H: 4.01; N: 13.61. Found: C: 35.98; H: 4.04; N: 13.33.

[0721] (16.14) 6-Amino-4-chloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrimidine. Mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₃O₄PCl+0.5H₂O: C: 33.76; H: 2.83; N: 14.76. Found: C: 33.83; H: 2.54; N: 14.48.

Example 17.

[0722] Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazines and 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazines.

[0723] Step A.

[0724] The procedures described in Example 16 can also be applied to the synthesis of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine and 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazine analogs and in some cases with minor modifications of these procedures using conventional chemistry methods.

[0725] The following compounds were prepared accordingly:

[0726] (17.1) 2,5-Dimethyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 212-213° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄P+0.75HBr: C: 38.15; H: 3.76; N: 8.90. Found: C: 38.41; H: 3.93; N: 8.76.

[0727] (17.2) 2-Chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 204-205° C. Anal. calcd. for C8H₆ClN₂O₄P+0.3HBr+0.02PhCH₃: C: 34.10; H: 2.27; N: 9.77. Found: C: 34.36; H: 2.07; N: 9.39.

[0728] (17.3) 2-Amino-3-propyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 227-228° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₃O₄P+0.7HBr: C: 38.87; H: 4.36; N: 12.36. Found: C: 39.19; H: 4.36; N: 11.92.

[0729] (17.4) 2-Amino-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. mp 235-236° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₃O₄P+1.15H₂O=0.03PhCH₃; C: 37.26; H: 4.01; N: 15.88. Found: C: 37.09; H: 3.67; N: 15.51.

[0730] (17.5) 2-Amino-3-bromo-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₃O₄PBr+1HBr: C: 23.97; H: 2.01; N: 10.48. Found: C: 24.00; H: 2.00; N: 10.13.

[0731] (17.6) 3-Methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄PS+0.3 H₂O: C: 38.94; H: 3.49; N: 10.09. Found: C: 38.99; H: 3.11; N: 9.67.

[0732] (17.7) 6-Amino-3-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS+1.5H₂O=1.7HBr+0.25 MePh: C: 27.19; H: 3.54; N: 8.85. Found: C: 27.10; H: 3.85; N: 8.49.

[0733] (17.8) 6-Amino-5-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS+1.1HBr+0.05 MePh: C: 29.49; H: 3.04; N: 11.03. Found: C: 29.23; H: 2.79; N: 10.87.

[0734] (17.9) 6-Amino-5-methoxycarbonyl-3-chloro-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₉N₃06PCl+0.3HBr+0.04 MePh: C: 34.15; H: 2.68; N: 11.62. Found: C: 34.20; H: 2.90; N: 11.21.

[0735] (17.10) 6-Amino-3-methylthio-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine ammonium salt. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄PS+0.8HBr: C: 29.30; H: 3.77; N: 15.18. Found: C: 29.03; H: 3.88; N: 15.08.

[0736] (17.11) 2-Amino-4-phenyl-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]triazine. Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₄O₄P +HBr+0.1 EtOAc: C: 39.45; H: 3.16; N: 13.73. Found: C: 39.77; H: 3.26; N: 13.48.

Example 18.

[0737] Preparation of Analogs with X Being Methoxycarbonyl Methylthiocarbonyl, Methylaminocarbonyl and Methylcarbonylamino.

[0738] Preparations of 4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazoles and 4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazoles

[0739] Step A.

[0740] A solution of 2-amino-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was treated with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.2 mmole), TMEDA (0.1 mmole) and DMAP (0.1 mmole) at room temperature. After the reaction was stirred for 20 h, it was evaporated to dryness. The residue was subjected to extraction to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-ethoxycarbonyl thiazole as a yellow solid.

[0741] Step B.

[0742] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in a 2:1 mixture of EtOH:H₂O (10 mL) was treated with NaOH (3N, 3 mmole) and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and neutralized to pH 5 with 3 N HCl, and the resulting solid was collected via filtration to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole as a white solid.

[0743] Step C.

[0744] A suspension of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with thionyl chloride (4 mmole) at room temperature. After stirring for 4 h the reaction was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added to a solution of diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate (1.5 mmole) and pyridine (2 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with water and the mixture was subjected to extraction to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a thick yellow oil.

[0745] Alternatively the ester linkage can be formed using a mixed anhydride method as exemplified in the following procedures:

[0746] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-carboxylthiazole (1 mmole) in pyridine (5 mL) was treated with para-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2 mmole) followed by diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate (2 mmole) at room temperature for 4 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a thick yellow oil.

[0747] Step D.

[0748] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) and anisole (0.1 mmole) in methylene chloride (5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and at room temperature for 1 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-diethyllphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a solid.

[0749] Step E.

[0750] 2-Amino-4-diethyllphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.1) as a solid. Mp >240° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₅PS: C: 25.22; H: 2.96; N: 11.76. Found: C: 25.30; H: 2.86; N: 11.77.

[0751] Step F.

[0752] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with bromine (2 mmole) at room, temperature for 4 h. Evaporation and extraction gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as an orange oil which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.2) as a solid. Mp >230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₆N₂O₅PSBr: C: 18.94; H: 1.91; N: 8.84. Found: C: 19.08; H: 1.76; N: 8.67.

[0753] Step G.

[0754] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (1 mmole) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (0.1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (2.5 mmole) and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed and the residue taken up in EtOAc and stirred with 2 mmol NaF in 5 ml water for 1 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-vinyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid.

[0755] Step H.

[0756] A suspension of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-vinyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonyl thiazole (1 mmole) and 10% Pd/C (0.5 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) at room temperature for 15 h. Filtration and evaporation gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-5-ethyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-5-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.3) as a solid. Mp >230° C. (decomp). Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₅PS: 31.58; H: 4.16; N: 10.52. Found: C: 31.80; H: 4.04; N: 10.18.

[0757] Step I.

[0758] A solution of N-[Bis(methylthio)methylene]glycine methyl ester (1 mmole) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added to a solution of t-BuOK (1.4 mmole) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) at −78° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then a solution of ethyl isothiocyanate (1 mmole) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methylthio-5-(N-ethylamino)-4-methoxycarbonylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step B and C of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methylthio-5-(N-ethylamino)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole (18.4) as a solid. Mp >200° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₅PS₂+0.1HBr: C: 29.99; H: 4.12; N: 8.74. Found: C: 29.71; H: 4.10; N: 8.60.

[0759] Step J.

[0760] A solution of 1 mmol of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolecarboxylate acid chloride (1 mmole) and pyridine (2 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was cooled to −78° C. and H₂S(g) was bubbled through the solution for 10 min. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. The mixture was washed with 3 N HCl. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolethiocarboxylic acid as a yellow solid.

[0761] Step K.

[0762] A solution of give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolethiocarboxylic acid (1 mmole) in THF (5 mL) was cooled to -78° C. and treated with NaH (2 mmole) in small portions. After 10 min the reaction was treated with a solution of diethylphosphonomethyl triflate in THF (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, and then quenched with H₂O. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-diethylphosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole as a thick oil, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole (18.5) as a solid. Mp >230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₄PS₂: C: 23.62; H: 2.78; N: 11.02. Found: C: 23.77; H: 2.61; N: 10.73.

[0763] Preparation of 4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole, 3-[N-phosphonomethyl)-carbamoyl]isothiazole and 2-[N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]pyridine

[0764] Step L.

[0765] A solution of 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 1.5 mmole) and 1-hydroxylbenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, 1.5 mmole) followed by addition of diethyl aminomethylphosphonate (1.5 mmole) at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was subjected to evaporation, extraction and chromatography to give 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-[(N-diethylphosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole as a white solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 2-amino-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole (18.6) as a light brown solid. Mp >245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₈N₃O₄PS+1.05HBr: C: 18.64; H: 2.83; N: 13.04. Found: C: 18.78; H: 2.43; N: 12.97.

[0766] Preparation of 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole and 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine

[0767] Step M.

[0768] A solution of 2-amino-4,5-dimethylthiazole hydrochloride (2 mmole) and diethyl phosphonoacetica acid (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with EDCI (1.5 mmole), HOBt (1.5 mmole) and triethylamine (2 mmole) at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was subjected to evaporation, extraction and chromatography to give 2-[(N-diethylphosphonoacetyl)amino]-4,5-dimethylthiazole as a yellow solid, which was subjected to Step D of Example 18 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 4,5-dimethyl-2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole (18.7) as a light brown solid. Mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₄PS: C: 33.60; H: 4.43; N: 11.20. Found: C: 33.62; H: 4.29; N: 10.99.

[0769] The following compounds were prepared using some of the above described procedures or some of the above procedures with some minor modifications using conventional chemistry:

[0770] (18.8) 2-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₉N₂O₄P+HBr+0.67H₂O: C: 27.20; H: 3.70; N: 9.06. Found: C: 27.02; H: 3.71; N: 8.92.

[0771] (18.9) 2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₉N₂O₄P+HBr+0.67 H₂O: C: 27.20; H: 3.70; N: 9.06. Found: C: 27.05; H: 3.59; N: 8.86.

[0772] (18.10) 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₁N₂O₆PS: C: 32.66; H: 3.77; N: 9.52. Found: C: 32.83; H: 3.58; N: 9.20.

[0773] (18.11) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 232° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₇N₃O₄PSBr+0.15HBr+0.1 hexane: C: 19.97; H: 2.56; N: 12.48. Found: C: 19.90; H: 2.29; N: 12.33.

[0774] (18.12) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 245° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₃O₄PS₂+HBr+0.1 EtOAc: C: 27.60; H: 2.91; N: 10.27. Found: C: 27.20; H: 2.67; N: 9.98.

[0775] (18.13) 4,5-Dichloro-3-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]isothiazole. Mp 189-191° C. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₅N₂O₄PSCl₂: C: 20.63; H: 1.73; N: 9.62. Found: C: 20.43; H: 1.54; N: 9.51.

[0776] (18.14) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-{[N-(1-phosphono-1-phenyl)methyl]carbamoyl}thiazole. Mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for CilHllN₃O₄PSBr: C: 33.69; H: 2.83; N: 10.71. Found: C: 33.85; H: 2.63; N: 10.85.

[0777] (18.15) 2-Amino-5-(2-thienyl)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp >230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₅PS₂: C: 33.75; H: 2.83; N: 8.75. Found: C: 33.40; H: 2.74; N: 8.51.

[0778] (18.16) 2-Amino-5-benzyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp >230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C: 43.91; H: 3.99; N: 8.53. Found: C: 43.77; H: 4.03; N: 8.25.

[0779] (18.17) 2-Methylthio-5-methylamino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₅PS₂+0.2HBr: C: 26.74; H: 3.59; N: 8.91. Found: C: 26.79; H: 3.89; N: 8.89.

[0780] (18.18) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 180° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₇H₁₂N₃O₄PS+HBr+0.4 CH₂Cl₂: C: 23.49; H: 3.67; N: 11.18. Found: C: 23.73; H: 3.29; N: 11.42.

[0781] (18.19) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp 247-250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₄N₃O₄PS: C: 34.41; H: 5.05; N: 15.05. Found: C: 34.46; H: 4.80; N: 14.68.

[0782] (18.20) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C: 34.29; H: 4.68; N: 10.00. Found: C: 33.97; H: 4.49; N: 9.70.

[0783] (18.21) 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp >230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₁N₂O₅PS: C: 42.04; H: 3.53; N: 8.91. Found: C: 42.04; H: 3.40; N: 8.72.

[0784] (18.22) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₇N₂O₆P+0.09−HBr: C: 26.18; H: 3.12; N: 12.21. Found: C: 26.29; H: 3.04; N: 11.90.

[0785] (18.23) 2-Amino-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₁₀N₃O₄P+1.1 HBr+0.25 MeOH: C: 26.54; H: 3.72; N: 12.80. Found: C: 26.79; H: 3.63; N: 12.44.

[0786] (18.24) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]thiazole. Mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₀N₃O₄PS+0.06 EtOAc: C: 29.22; H: 4.12; N: 16.38. Found: C: 29.03; H: 3.84; N: 16.01.

[0787] (18.25) 2-Amino-3-bromo-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₉N₃O₄PBr+1.25HBr+0.8 EtOAc: C: 25.43; H: 3.48; N: 8.72. Found: C: 25.58; H: 3.71; N: 8.56.

[0788] (18.26) 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₈N₃O₄PBr₂+HBr+0.5 EtOAc: C: 21.03; H: 2.55; N: 8.18. Found: C: 21.28; H: 2.55; N: 7.91.

[0789] (18.27) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₅PS: C: 28.58; H: 3.60; N: 11.11. Found: C: 28.38; H: 3.49; N: 11.10.

[0790] (18.28) 2-Amino-3,5-diethyl-6-[(N-phosphonoacetyl)amino]pyridine. MS calcd. for C₁₁H₁₈N₃O₄P+H: 288, found 288.

[0791] (18.29) 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo-6-{[N-(2,2-dibromo-2-phosphono)acetyl]amino}pyridine. Anal. calcd. for C₇H₆N₃O₄PBr₄+0.5HBr+EtOAc: C: 19.56; H: 2.16; N: 6.22. Found: C: 19.26; H: 2.29; N: 5.91.

[0792] (18.30) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₆P+0.2HBr: C: 34.27; H: 4.75; N: 9.99. Found: C: 34.47; H: 4.84; N: 9.83.

[0793] (18.31) 2-Amino-5-[1-(2-cyclohexylmethyl)ethynyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₅PS+0.1HBr: C: 45.89; H: 5.25; N: 7.64. Found: C: 45.85; H: 4.96; N: 7.44.

[0794] (18.32) 2-Amino-5-[1-(4-cyano)butynyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS+0.25HBr: C: 35.80; H: 3.08; N: 12.53. Found: C: 35.92; H: 2.99; N: 12.20.

[0795] (18.33) 2-Amino-5-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₆P+0.15HBr: C: 29.03; H: 3.71; N: 11.28. Found: C: 28.98; H: 3.66; N: 11.21.

[0796] (18.34) 2-Amino-5-[1-(4-cyano)butyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₄N₃O₅PS: C: 37.62; H: 4.42; N: 13.16. Found: C: 37.23; H: 4.18; N: 12.79.

[0797] (18.35) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O₆P: C: 41.10; H: 5.86; N: 9.59. Found: C: 41.16; H: 5.75; N: 9.50.

[0798] (18.36) 2-[N-Boc(amino)]-4-[(2-phosphono)ethoxycarbonyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₇N₂O₇PS: C: 37.50; H: 4.86; N: 7.95. Found: C: 37.10; H: 4.59; N: 7.84.

[0799] (18.37) 2-Amino-4-[(2-phosphono)ethoxycarbonyl]thiazole hydrobromide. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₅PS+HBr: C: 21.63; H: 3.03; N: 8.41. Found: C: 22.01; H: 2.99; N: 8.15.

[0800] (18.38) 2-Amino-5-butyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₅N₂O₆P: C: 38.86; H: 5.43; N: 10.07. Found: C: 38.59; H: 5.43; N: 9.96.

[0801] (18.39) 2-Amino-5-[1-(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyl)propyl]-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₅N₂O₆PS: C: 37.27; H: 4.69; N: 8.69. Found: C: 37.03; H: 4.69; N: 8.39.

[0802] (18.40) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₃N₂O₆P+0.35 EtOAc +0.05HBr: C: 37.75; H: 5.34; N: 9.37. Found: C: 37.69; H: 5.21; N: 9.03.

[0803] (18.41) 2-Amino-5-propyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 134° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₂O₅PS: C: 34.29; H: 4.68; N: 10.00. Found: C: 33.90; H: 4.30; N: 9.61.

[0804] (18.42) 2-Amino-5-pentyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 130° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O₅PS: C: 38.96; H: 5.56; N: 9.09. Found: C: 38.69; H: 5.25; N: 8.85.

[0805] (18.43) 2-Amino-5-bromo-4-phosphonomethylthiocarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₅H₆N₂O₅PS₂Br: C: 18.03; H: 1.82; N: 8.41. Found: C: 18.40; H: 1.93; N: 8.18.

[0806] (18.44) 2-Amino-5-(2-furanyl)-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonylthiazole. Mp 230° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₆PS: C: 35.53; H: 2.98; N: 9.21. Found: C: 35.78; H: 3.05; N: 8.11.

[0807] (18.45) 2-Amino-5-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxycarbonyloxazole. Mp 141° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd. for C₇H₁₁N₂O₆P: C: 33.61; H: 4.43; N: 11.20. Found: C: 33.79; H: 4.47; N: 11.09.

[0808] (18.46) 5-Methyl-4-[(N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl]imidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₁₀N₃O₄P: C: 32.89; H: 4.60; N: 19.18. Found; C: 33.04; H: 4.65; N: 18.84.

Example 19.

[0809] Preparation of 3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazoles.

[0810] Step A.

[0811] A solution of diethyl 5-(2-isobutyl-3-N,N-dimethylamino)acryloyl-2-furanphosphonate (1 mmole, prepared according to Step A of Example 17) in ethanol was treated with hydrazine (1.2 mmole) 80° C. for 12 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole.

[0812] Step B.

[0813] 4-Isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazole (19.1). mp 210-215° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄P: C: 48.89; H: 5.60; N: 10.37. Found: C: 48.67; H: 5.55; N: 10.20.

[0814] Step C.

[0815] 4-Isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step A of Example 11 to give 1-methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole.

[0816] Step D.

[0817] 1-Methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 1-methyl-4-isobutyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazole

[0818] (19.2). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₇N₂O₄P+0.85HBr+0.75H₂O: C: 39.32; H: 5.32; N: 7.64. Found: C: 39.59; H: 5.30; N: 7.47.

Example 20.

[0819] Preparation of 3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazoles.

[0820] Step A.

[0821] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde (1 mmole) in ethanol was treated with hydroxylamine (1.1 mmole) and sodium acetate (2.2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde oxime.

[0822] Step B.

[0823] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-furaldehyde oxime (1 mmole) in DMF was treated with N-chlorosuccinimide (1.1 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction gave 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran.

[0824] Step C.

[0825] A solution of 5-diethylphosphono-2-chlorooximidofuran (1 mmole) and ethyl propiolate (5 mmole) in diethyl ether was treated with triethylamine (2 mmole) at 25° C. for 12 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-{2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]isoxazole.

[0826] Step D.

[0827] 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-{2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]isoxazole was subjected to Step A of Example 9 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 5-carbamoyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole (20.1). mp 221-225° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₆P+0.25EtOH: C: 37.86; H: 3.18; N: 10.39. Found: C: 37.90; H: 3.02; N: 10.05.

[0828] The following compound was prepared according to this procedure:

[0829] (20.2) 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp 150-152° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂NO₇P+0.25H₂O=0.15HBr: C: 41.57; H: 4.01; N: 4.41. Found: C: 41.57; H: 4.20; N: 4.54.

[0830] (20.3) 4,5-Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₄NO₉P: C: 43.47; H: 3.93; N: 3.90. Found: C: 43.26; H: 3.92; N: 3.97.

[0831] (20.4) 5-Amino-4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp 190° C. (decomp). Anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₇P+0.25HBr: C: 37.25; H: 3.52; N: 8.69. Found: C: 37.56; H: 3.50; N: 8.85.

[0832] (20.5) 4,5-bis(carbamoyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp >220° C. Anal. calcd for C₉H₈N₃O₇P: C: 35.90; H: 2.68; N: 13.95. Found: C: 35.67; H: 2.55; N: 13.62.

[0833] (20.6) 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-5-trifluoromethyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₁H₉F₃NO₇P+0.25HBr: C: 35.20; H: 2.48; N: 3.73. Found: C: 35.25; H: 2.34; N: 3.98.

[0834] (20.7) 5-Amino-4-(2-furyl)-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. mp >220° C. Anal. calcd for C₁₂H₉N₂O₇P+0.1AcOEt: C: 44.73; H: 2.97; N: 8.41. Found: C: 45.10; H: 2.58; N: 8.73.

[0835] (20.8) 4-Amino-5-cyano-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₈H₆N₃O₅P+0.1H₂O=0.2HBr: C: 35.18; H: 2.36; N: 15.39. Found: C: 35.34; H: 2.50; N: 15.08.

[0836] (20.9) 4-Cyano-5-phenyl-3-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]isoxazole. Anal. calcd for C₁₄H₉N₂O₅P+0.15HBr: C: 51.21; H: 2.81; N: 8.53. Found: C: 51.24; H: 3.09; N: 8.33.

Example 21

[0837] Preparation of 2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazoles.

[0838] Step A.

[0839] Diethyl 5-tributylstannyl-2-furanphosphonate (14) and 2-bromo-4-ethoxycarbonylthiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 6 to give 4-ethoxycarbonyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole.

[0840] Step B.

[0841] 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]thiazole was subjected to Step A of Example 9 followed by Step C of Example 3 to give 4-carbamoyl-2-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]thiazole (21.1). mp 239-240° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₅PS+0.2H₂O: C: 34.59; H: 2.68; N: 10.08. Found: C: 34.65; H: 2.69; N: 9.84.

Example 22.

[0842] Preparation of 4-(3.3-difluoro-3-phosphono-i-propyl)thiazoles.

[0843] Step A.

[0844] A solution of 3-(tert-butyl-diphenylsilyloxy)-i-propanol (1 mmole) in methylene chloride (7 mL) was treated with powder molecular sieves (4 A, 0.5 equiv. wt/wt) and pyridinium chlorochromate (1.5 mmole) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and diluted with diethyl ether (7 mL) and stirred at room temperature for another 30 min. Filtration, evaporation and chromatography gave 3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy) -1-propanal as a clear oil.

[0845] Step B.

[0846] A solution of LDA (1.06 mmole) in THF was treated with a solution of diethyl difluoromethylphosphonate (1 mmole) at −78° C. for 45 min. The reaction was then treated with a THF solution of 3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-i-propanal (1.07 mmole) and the resulting solution was stirred at −78° C. for another 4 h. The reaction was quenched with phenyl chlorothioformate (2.14 mmole), and the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-3-phenoxythiocarbonyloxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

[0847] Step C.

[0848] A solution of diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-3-phenoxythiocarbonyloxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in toluene (1 mL) was treated with tri-n-butyltin hydride (1.5 mmole) and AIBN (0.1 mmole), and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

[0849] Step D.

[0850] A solution of diethyl 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in methanol (1 mL) was treated with hydrochloric acid (4 N, 4 mmole) at 0° C., and the resulting reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave diethyl 4-hydroxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate as a clear oil.

[0851] Step E.

[0852] A solution of gave diethyl 4-hydroxy-2,2-difluorobutylphosphonate (1 mmole) in acetone (10 mL) was treated with Jones's reagent (10 mmole) at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with 2-propanol (10 mL), and the resulting mixture was filtered through a Celite pad. Evaporation of the filtrate followed by extraction gave diethyl 3-carboxyl-2,3-difluoropropylphosphonate as an oil.

[0853] Step F.

[0854] A solution of diethyl 3-carboxyl-2,3-difluoropropylphosphonate (1 mmole) in thionyl chloride (3 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (1 mL) was treated with an etheral solution of diazomethane (10 mmole) at 0° C. for 30 min. A solution of HBr in acetic acid (30%, 1 mL) was added to the reaction, and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in THF-EtOH (1:1, 5 mL) and treated with thiourea (1 mmole). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 75° C. for 1 h. Evaporation followed by extraction and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-[1-(3-diethylphosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole as a solid, which was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give gave 2-amino-4-[1-(3-phosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole (22.1) as a solid. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₉N₂O₃PSF₂+HBr: C: 21.25; H: 2.97; N: 8.26. Found: C: 21.24; H: 3.25; N: 8.21.

[0855] The following compound was prepared in a similar manner: 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-[1-(3-phosphono-3,3-difluoro)propyl]thiazole (22.2). MS m/e 305 (M+H).

Example 23.

[0856] Preparation of 2-methylthio-5-phosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine.

[0857] Step A.

[0858] A solution of 2-methylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol (1 mmole) in THF (5 mL) was treated with sodium hydride (60%, 1.1 mmole) at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to 0° C. and treated with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.1 mmole). After stirring at room temperature for 12 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-methylthio-5-diethylphosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole as an oil.

[0859] Step B.

[0860] 2-Methylthio-5-diethylphosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-methylthio-5-phosphonomethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole (23.1) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₄H₇N₂O₃PS₃+0.2HBr: C: 17.50; H: 2.64; N: 10.21. Found: C: 17.64; H: 2.56; N: 10.00.

[0861] Alternatively, phosphonomethylthio substituted heteroaromatics are made using the following method as exemplified by the synthesis of 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine: Step C. A solution of 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide (1 mmole) in THF was treated with tri-n-butylphosphine (1 mmole) and diethyl hydroxymethylphosphonate at 0° C. The resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. Extraction and chromatography gave 2-diethylphosphonomethylthiopyridine as a yellow oil.

[0862] Step D.

[0863] 2-Diethylphosphonomethylthiopyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-phosphonomethylthiopyridine (23.2) as a yellow solid. Anal. calcd. for C₆H₈NO₃PS +0.62HBr: C: 28.22; H: 3.40; N: 5.49. Found: C: 28.48; H: 3.75; N: 5.14.

Example 24.

[0864] Preparation of 2-[(2-phosphono)ethynyl]pyridine.

[0865] Step A.

[0866] A solution of 2-ethynylpyridine (1 mmole) in THF (5 mL) was treated with LDA (1.2 mmole) at 0° C. for 40 min. Diethyl chlorophosphate (1.2 mmole) was added to the reaction and the resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride followed by extraction and chromatography to give 2-[(2-diethylphosphono)ethynyl]pyridine as a yellow oil.

[0867] Step B.

[0868] 2-[(2-Diethylphosphono)ethynyl]pyridine was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 2-[1-(2-phosphono)ethynyl]pyridine (24.1) as a brown solid. Mp 160° C. (decomp). MS m/e 184 (M +H).

Example 25.

[0869] Preparation of 5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole.

[0870] Step A.

[0871] To a mixture of tetrazole (1 mmole) and powdered K₂CO₃ (1.5 mmole) in 1 mL DMF cooled to 0° C. was added benzyl chloromethyl ether (1.2 mmole) and the resulting mixture stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and then for 16 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with water and ether. Extraction and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyltetrazole as a colorless oil.

[0872] Step B.

[0873] To a solution of 2-benzyloxymethyltetrazole (1 mmole) and TMEDA (2 mmole) in 3 mL diethyl ether at −78° C. was added n-BuLi in hexanes (1 mmole). This was let stir for 5 min at −78° C. and then it was added to a precooled (−78° C.) solution of (n-Bu)₃SnCl (1 mmole) in 2 mL of diethyl ether. After stirring at −78° C. for 30 min it was diluted with water and diethyl ether. Extraction and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-(tributylstannyl)tetrazole as a colorless oil.

[0874] Step C.

[0875] A mixture of 5-iodo-2-diethylphosphonofuran (1 mmole), 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-(tributylstannyl)tetrazole (1.05 mmole), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (0.03 mmole) and copper (I) iodide (0.07 mmole) in 3 mL of toluene was refluxed at 110° C. for 20 h. Evaporation and chromatography provided 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole as an oil.

[0876] Step D.

[0877] A mixture of 2-benzyloxymethyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole) and 6 M HCl (1 mL) in 10 mL ethanol was heated at 70° C. for 20 h and then the solvent concentrated by evaporation, made basic with 1 N NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was made acidic and extracted with EtOAc. This EtOAc extract was evaporated to provide 5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole as a solid, which was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (25.1) as a solid: mp 186-188° C. Anal. calcd. for C₅H₅N₄O₄P+1.5H₂O: C, 24.70; H, 3.32; N, 23.05. Found: C, 24.57; H, 2.57; N: 23.05.

[0878] Step E.

[0879] Step 1.

[0880] A mixture of 5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole), 1-iodo-2-methylpropane (2 mmole) and powdered K₂CO₃ (2 mmole) in 5 mL DMF was stirred at 80° C. for 48 h and then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water and the layers separated. The CH₂O₂ layer was evaporated and combined with the product of the following reaction for chromatography.

[0881] Step 2.

[0882] The aqueous layer of Step 1 was made acidic and extracted with EtOAc. This extract was evaporated and the residue heated at 80° C. in 2 mL of SOCl₂ for 3 h and then the solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ and 0.3 mL NEt₃ and 0.5 mL of EtOH was added. After stirring for 1 h at rt the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and water. This organic extract was combined with that kept from Step 1 and chromatography provided 1-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole and 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole each as an oil.

[0883] Step 3.

[0884] 1-Isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole was subjected to Step C of Example 3 to give 1-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (25.2) as a solid: mp 200-202° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄P: C: 39.71; H: 4.81; N: 20.58. Found: C: 39.64; H: 4.63; N: 20.21.

[0885] Step F.

[0886] A mixture of 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]tetrazole (1 mmole) and TMSBr (10 mmole) in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in 10:1 CH₃CN:water, the solvent evaporated and the residue precipitated from acetone by addition of dicyclohexylamine (2 mmole) to provide 2-isobutyl-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]tetrazole N,N-dicyclohexyl ammonium salt.

[0887] (25.3) as a solid: mp 226-228° C. Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₄O₄P+C₁₂H₂₃N: C: 55.62; H: 8.00; N: 15.44. Found: C: 55.55; H: 8.03; N: 15.07.

Example 26.

[0888] High Throughput Synthesis of Various 2-(5-phosphono)furanyl Substituted Heteroaromatic Compounds.

[0889] Step A.

[0890] Various 2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl substituted heteroaromatic compounds were prepared in a similar manner as Step B of Example 15, and some of these compounds were used for the high throughput synthesis of compounds listed in Table 26.1 and Table 26.2.

[0891] Step B.

[0892] A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmole) and TMSBr (0.1 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then evaporated and diluted with 0.5 mL of 9:1 CH₃CN:water. Evaporation provided 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0893] Step C.

[0894] A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmole) and a solution of freshly prepared sodium propoxide in propanol (0.25 M, 0.4 mL) was let sit at 85° C. for 14 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was subjected to Step B of Example 26 to give 2-propyloxy-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0895] Step D.

[0896] A mixture of 2-chloro-6-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyridine (0.01 mmol) and 1-methylpiperazine (0.2 mL) in ethylene glycol (0.2 mL) was heated at 145° C. for 24 h. The mixture was further diluted with 0.5 mL of CH₃CN and 0.1 mL of water and then 150 mg of Dowex 12-100 formate resin was added. After stirring this mixture 30 min it was filtered and the resin washed with DMF (2×10 mL), CH₃CN (2×10 mL) and then 9:1 CH₃CN:water (1×10 mL). Finally the resin was stirred with 9:1 TFA:water for 30 min, filtered and the filtrate evaporated. The residue obtained subjected to Step B of Example 26 to give 2-[1-(4-methyl)piperazinyl]-6-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyridine.

[0897] Step E.

[0898] A mixture of 3-chloro-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazine (0.01 mmole), 5-tributylstannylthiophene (0.04 mmole), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.001 mmole) and CuI (0.002 mmole) in dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 16 h then the solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue and TMSBr (0.1 mL) in 0.5 mL CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at rt for 16 h and then evaporated and diluted with 0.5 mL of 9:1 CH₃CN:water. To this solution 150 mg of Dowex 12-100 formate resin was added and after stirring 30 min it was filtered and the resin washed with DMF (2×10 mL), CH₃CN (2×10 mL) and then 9:1 CH₃CN:water (1×10 mL). Finally the resin was stirred with 9:1 TFA:water for 30 min, filtered and the filtrate evaporated to give 3-(2-thienyl)-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine.

[0899] Step F.

[0900] A mixture of 3-chloro-5-[2-(5-diethylphosphono)furanyl]pyrazine (0.01 mmole), 1-hexyne (0.04 mmole), diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mmole), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.001 mmole) and CuI (0.002 mmole) in dioxane (0.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 16 h then the solvent was evaporated. The resulting residue was subjected to Step B of Example 26 to give 3-(1-hexyn-1-yl)-5-[2-(5-phosphono)furanyl]pyrazine.

[0901] Preparation of the Carboxymethylphosphonate Resin

[0902] Step G.

[0903] A solution of trimethylphosphonoacetate (30.9 mmol), 2-(trimethylsiyl) ethanol (10.4 mmol) and DMAP (3.1 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was refluxed for 48 h under N₂. After cooling, the solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl followed by water. The organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give an oil. The residue was treated with LiI (10.4 mmol) in 2-butanone (30 mL), and refluxed overnight under N₂. The solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to afford the SEM protected carboxy monomethylphosphonate as a colorless oil.

[0904] Step H.

[0905] Hydroxymethylpolystyrene (2.35 mmol) was prepared for coupling by combining with anhydrous THF (40 mL), gently shaking for 20 min. and then removing the excess solvent by cannula. This procedure was repeated 3 times. The swollen resin was then suspended in THF (40 mL) and DIPEA (21.2 mmol). To this mixture was added, by cannula, a solution of the SEM protected carboxy monomethylphosphonate (prepared in Step G) (7.1 mmol), DIAD (7.1 mmol) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine (7.1 mmol) in THF (15 mL) which had been stirred for 15 min. prior to addition. After shaking the mixture overnight under a blanket of N₂, the resin was filtered, rinsed with THF (3×40 mL), DMF (3×40 mL), and THF again (3×40 mL) before drying under vacuum to afford 3.8 g of the coupled phosphonate resin.

[0906] Step I.

[0907] To coupled phosphonate resin (2.41 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added 1M TBAF in THF solution (12 mL). The mixture was shaken overnight before being filtered and the resin rinsed with THF (3×40 mL) to afford the desired carboxymethylphosphonate resin as the tetrabutylammonium salt.

[0908] Coupling of the Carboxymethylphosphonate Resin to a Heteroaromatic Amine

[0909] Step J.

[0910] In a 2 mL well, a heteroaromatic amine (0.14 mmol), resin (0.014 mmol), PyBOP (0.14 mmol) and TEA (0.36 mmol) in DMF (1.45 mL) were combined and shaken for 48 h at room temperature. The treated resin was then filtered, washed with DMF (3×) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The isolated resin was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ (900 μL), combined with TMSBr (100 μL) and mixed for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the resin washed with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. To the isolated residue was added a solution of CH₃CN/H₂O (9:1, 300 μL). After shaking for 30 min. the solvents were removed to provide the desired [{N-(phosphono)acetyl]amino} substituted heteroaromatic analogs. Compounds 26.97-26.119 and 26.146-26.164 were synthesized according to these procedures and they are listed in Table 26.1 and Table 26.2.

[0911] Preparation of the Aminomethylphosphonate Resin

[0912] Step K.

[0913] To a solution of dimethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate (37 mmole) in 2-butanone (150 mL) was added LiI (38.9 mmol). After refluxing overnight under N₂, the solution was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to afford monomethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate as a white solid.

[0914] Step L.

[0915] As described above in Step H, monomethyl phthalimidomethyl-phosphonate was coupled to hydroxymethylpolystyrene to give the resin-coupled phthalimidomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester.

[0916] Step M.

[0917] To the resin-coupled phthalimidomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester (6.8 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) was added anhydrous hydrazine (3 mL). After shaking at room temperature for 24 h the resin was filtered, rinsed with DMF (3×10 mL), CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL) and then dried under vacuum to afford 832 mg the desired resin-coupled aminomethylphosphonate monomethyl ester.

[0918] Coupling of Various Heteroaromatic Carboxylic Acids to the Resin-coupled Aminomethylphosphonate Monomethyl Ester.

[0919] Step N.

[0920] In a 2 mL well, a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid (0.2 mmol), resin (0.02 mmol), EDC (0.2 mmol) and HOBT (0.2 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) were combined and shaken for 24 h at room temperature. The treated resin was then filtered, washed with DMF (3×) and CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The isolated resin was resuspended in CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL), combined with TMSBr (50 μL) and mixed for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, the resin washed with anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (500 μL) and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. To the isolated residue was added a solution of CH₃CN/H₂O (9:1, 300 μL). After shaking for 30 min the solvents were evaporated to provide the desired (N-phosphonomethyl)carbamoyl substituted heteroaromatic analogs. Compounds 26.120-26.145 were synthesized according to these procedures and they are listed in Table 26.2.

[0921] The following compounds were prepared according to some or all of the above described procedures. These compounds were characterized by HPLC (as described below) and mass spectroscopy (APCI negative ion), and these characterization data are listed in Table 26.1 and Table 26.2.

[0922] HPLC was performed using a YMC ODS-Aq, Aq-303-5, 250 4.6 mm ID, S-5 μm, 120 A column with the UV detector set at 280 nm. HPLC Elution Program: 1.5 mL/min flow rate Time (min) % Acetonitrile (A) % Buffered^(a) (B) 0 10 90 7.5 90 10 12.4 90 10 12.5 10 90 15 10 90

[0923] TABLE 26.1

synthetic HPLC example Rt M-1 number A B X Y′ (min.) found 26.146 H Br NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.58 299/301 26.147 H Ph NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.57 297 26.148 Ph H NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.06 297 26.149 Ph Et NHC(O)CH₂ O 309 26.150 H H NHC(O)CH₂ S 4.22 221 26.151 adaman- Me NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.59 369 tyl 26.152 Bu-t Br NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.62 355/357 26.153 H Ph(-4-Br) NHC(O)CH₂ S 6.62 375/377

synthetic HPLC example Rt M-1 number A* B* X Y′ (min.) found 26.154 H H NHC(O)NH₂ O 6.68 205 26.155 null NH₂ NHC(O)CH₂ O 6.6 221 26.156 NHMe null NHC(O)CH₂ S 3.82 251 26.157 Me H NHC(O)CH₂ NH 26.158 H H NHC(O)CH₂ NH 26.159 OH H NHC(O)CH₂ NH 26.160 Bu-t H NHC(O)NH₂ O 6.62 261 26.161 null 3-pyridyl NHC(O)CH₂ O 6.58 283 26.162 CH₂—Ph-(2,6- null NHC(O)CH₂ O dichloro) 26.163 Br null furan-2,5-diyl NH 4.46 292/294 26.164 Br null furan-2,5-diyl S 5.96 309/311

[0924] TABLE 26.2 synthetic HPLC example Rt M-1 number A* B* C D* E* (min.) found 26.1 NH₂ Cl furan-2,5-diyl Me 11.06 288 26.2 H OC(O)(Ph- furan-2,5-diyl H H 3.99 413 2,6- dichloro) 26.3 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 8.34 284 26.4 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH₂ H 8.23 297 26.5 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CO₂H H 9.54 298 26.6 OH H furan-2,5-diyl CF₃ C(O)NH₂ 3.91 351 26.7 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl CF₃ C(O)NH₂ 9.14 365 26.8 null H furan-2,5-diyl H OMe 9.72 255 26.9 null H furan-2,5-diyl H OH 4.52 241 26.10 OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 3.79 255 26,11 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 6.44 269 26.12 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.96 256 26.13 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OMe H 8.02 270 26.14 H OMe furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.22 255 26.15 H OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.82 241 26.16 OMe H furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.48 255 26.17 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl H H 9.72 268 26.18 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 5.26 298 26.19 null H furan-2,5-diyl Me OEt 7.80 283 26.20 null H furan-2,5-diyl Me OH 3.80 255 26.21 OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 3.77 255 26.22 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 7.33 283 26.23 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.94 256 26.24 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OEt H 5.66 284 26.25 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OEt null 5.90 284 26.26 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OH null 3.78 256 26.27 H OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 9.74 269 26.28 H OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.81 241 26.29 OEt H furan-2,5-diyl null H 9.78 269 26.30 Br H furan-2,5-diyl H NO₂ 7.78 347/349 26.31 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl H C(O)OEt 9.69 330 26.32 Br H furan-2,5-diyl H C(O)OEt 9.69 374/376 26.33 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl Me C(O)NH₂ 3.72 315 26.34 Cl CF₃ furan-2,5-diyl H CF₃ 9.04 394 26.35 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl NH₂ H 4.89 273 26.36 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CN H 7.93 283 26.37 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 5.38 288 26.38 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH₂ H 5.57 301 26.39 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)OEt H 8.54 330 26.40 Cl 1- furan-2,5-diyl H H 8.91 398 triazinyl- (3-amino- 5-methyl- thio) 26.41 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl Me CN 8.22 297 26.42 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CF₃ NH₂ 8.60 341 26.43 Cl H furan-2,5-diyl CF₃ CN 8.66 351 26.44 null CH₃ furan-2,5-diyl Me Br 9.25 331/333 26.45 null CH₃ furan-2,5-diyl Me Cl 9.25 287 26.46 Br CH₃ furan-2,5-diyl H null 5.62 317/319 26.47 Br Br furan-2,5-diyl H null 3.54 381/ 383/ 385 26.48 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 5.55 317/319 26.49 H NH₂ furan-2,5-diyl Br null 4.78 318/320 26.50 Br Cl furan-2,5-diyl Br null 8.38 417/419 26.51 SMe Ph furan-2,5-diyl Br null 9.26 425/427 26.52 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl Br null 4.87 318/320 26.53 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OH null 3.709 256 26.54 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Br null 9.64 381/ 383/ 385 26.55 Br H furan-2,5-diyl Cl null 9.64 337/339 26.56 H Br furan-2,5-diyl null H 5.08 303/305 26.57 NH₂ Cl furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)OMe 3.34 332 26.58 OPr-n H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 8.14 297 26.59 H OPr-n furan-2,5-diyl null H 8.45 283 26.60 H O(CH₂)₂—OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.82 313 26.61 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OH H 3.97 256 26.62 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OPr-n H 7.84 298 26.63 OPr-n H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 4.36 312 26.64 OBu-n H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 8.58 326 26.65 O—(CH₂)₂—OEt H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 4.13 342 26.66 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OPr-n null 7.96 298 26.67 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OBu-n null 3.86 312 26.68 H OBu-i furan-2,5-diyl null H 8.80 297 26.69 H O(CH₂)₂—OEt furan-2,5-diyl null H 7.14 299 26.70 H O(CH₂)₂—NMe₂ furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.57 312 26.71 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl OBu-i H 8.06 312 26.72 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl O(CH₂)₂OMe H 4.84 314 26.73 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl OBu-i null 8.70 312 26.74 Br H furan-2,5-diyl C(O)NH₂ H 7.68 346/348 26.75 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl Cl H 4.77 274 26.76 NH—(CH₂)₂—OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 4.56 298 26.77 H NH(CH₂)₂OH furan-2,5-diyl null H 4.55 284 26.78 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl NH—(CH)₂OH H 4.58 299 26.79 NH—(CH₂)₂—OH H furan-2,5-diyl NH₂ null 4.58 299 26.80 NH—(CH₂)₂—OH H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 4.44 313 26.81 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl NH—(CH₂)₂OH null 4.33 299 26.82 NH—CH—CH—(OH)—Me H furan-2,5-diyl CH null 4.65 312 26.83 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl NHCH₂—CH(OH)—Me H 4.63 313 26.84 NH—CH₂—CH—(OH)—Me H furan-2,5-diyl NH₂ null 4.63 313 26.85 NH—CH₂—CH—(OH)—Me H furan-2,5-diyl CH₂OH H 4.52 327 26.86 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl NHCH₂—CH(OH)—Me null 4.65 313 26.87 NH—(CH₂)₃—OH H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 4.62 312 26.88 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl NH—(CH₂)₃OH H 4.48 313 26.89 NH—(CH₂)₃—OH H furan-2,5-diyl NH₂ null 4.48 313 26.90 NH₂ NH—(CH₂)₃OH furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃OH 4.76 414 26.91 H 4- furan-2,5-diyl null H 6.46 310 morpho- linyl 26.92 4- H furan-2,5-diyl Me null 6.53 324 morpho- linyl 26.93 NH₂ null furan-2,5-diyl 4-morph- H 6.15 325 olinyl 26.94 4- H furan-2,5-diyl NH₂ null 4.84 325 morph- olinyl 26.95 NH₂ 4-morpho- furan-2,5-diyl null C(O)-(4- 7.47 438 linyl morpho- linyl) 26.96 NH₂ H furan-2,5-diyl 4-morph- null 5.30 325 olinyl 26.97 Me H NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.58 229 26.98 H Me NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.60 229 26.99 NH₂ H NHC(O)CH₂ H Cl 6.63 264 26.100 NH₂ Cl NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.63 264 26.101 H OH NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.54 231 26.102 Me H NHC(O)CH₂ Me H 6.59 243 26.103 H H NHC(O)CH₂ H Cl 7.02 249 26.104 H H NHC(O)CH₂ H Br 8.01 293/295 26.105 Me H NHC(O)CH₂ H Br 6.64 307/309 26.106 H H NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.72 215 26.107 H H NHC(O)CH₂ H Me 6.54 229 26.108 H H NHC(O)CH₂ Me H 6.53 229 26.109 Me Cl NHC(O)CH₂ Me null 3.93 279 26.110 Cl H NHC(O)CH₂ null H 4.20 251 26.111 H Br NHC(O)CH₂ H Me 6.44 307/309 26.112 NH₂ H NHC(O)CH₂ NH-(Ph- null 4.42 401/403 4-Br) 26.113 NH₂ Bn NHC(O)CH₂ H Bn 6.49 410 26.114 H H NHC(O)CH₂ Et H 6.57 243 26.115 Me Et NHC(O)CH₂ H H 6.54 257 26.116 Me H NHC(O)CH₂ H Br 6.55 307/309 26.117 H Br NHC(O)CH₂ H Me 6.51 307/309 26.118 H Me NHC(O)CH₂ H Br 6.52 307/309 26.119 Me Br NHC(O)CH₂ H Br 6.19 385/ 387/ 389 26.120 H H C(O)NHCH₂ H H 3.74 215 26.121 Me H C(O)NHCH₂ H H 229 26.122 OH H C(O)NHCH₂ H H 3.72 231 26.123 Br H C(O)NHCH₂ H H 5.02 293/295 26.124 Cl H C(O)NHCH₂ H H 4.60 249/251 26.125 H H C(O)NHCH₂ Cl H 5.18 249/251 26.126 H Br C(O)NHCH₂ OH H 3.60 310/312 26.127 H H C(O)NHCH₂ null H 3.70 216 26.128 H H C(O)NHCH₂ NO₂ H 5.00 260 26.129 H H C(O)NHCH₂ H Bu-n 8.35 271 26.130 H OPr-n C(O)NHCH₂ H H 7.46 273 26.131 Cl Cl C(O)NHCH₂ H H 4.23 283/ 285/ 287 26.132 Cl CF₃ C(O)NHCH₂ H H 8.05 317/319 26.133 H Cl C(O)NHCH₂ H CF₃ 6.49 317/319 26.134 H Cl C(O)NHCH₂ Cl Cl 7.20 318/ 320/ 322 26.135 H C(O)Ph C(O)NHCH₂ H H 7.00 319 26.136 H OEt C(O)NHCH₂ H CF₃ 6.65 327 26.137 SMe Cl C(O)NHCH₂ H null 5.82 296/298 26.138 SMe Br C(O)NHCH₂ H null 5.40 340/342 26.139 H O(Ph-3- C(O)NHCH₃ null H 376 CF₃) 26.140 H H C(O)NHCH₂ null Me 3.75 230 26.141 H Me C(O)NHCH₂ H H 4.96 229 26.142 Cl Cl C(O)NHCH₂ Cl Cl 9.18 351/ 353/ 355/357 26.143 H F C(O)NHCH₂ OH null 250 26.144 Me F C(O)NHCH₂ OH null 264 26.145 OH F C(O)NHCH₂ OH null 3.93 266

Section 2 Synthesis of Compounds of Formula X Example 27

[0925] Preparation of 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole.

[0926] Step A.

[0927] A solution of AICl₃ (5 mmole) in EtSH (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole (1 mmole). The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 2 h. Evaporation and extraction gave 2-amino-4-hydroxybenzothiazole as white solid.

[0928] Step B.

[0929] A mixture of 2-amino-4-hydroxybenzothiazole (1 mmole) and NaH (1.3 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, and then treated with diethylphosphonomethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate (1.2 mmole). After being stirred at room temperature for 8 h, the reaction was subjected to extraction and chromatography to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxybenzothiazole as an oil.

[0930] Step C.

[0931] A solution of 2-amino-4-(diethylphosphonomethyloxy)benzothiazole (1 mmole) in AcOH (6 mL) was cooled to 10° C. and treated with bromine (1.5 mmole) in AcOH (2 mL). After 5 min the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. The yellow precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with CH₂Cl₂ to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole.

[0932] Step D.

[0933] A solution of 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole (1 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with TMSBr (10 mmole) at 0° C. After stirred for 8 b at room temperature the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was taken into water (5 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with water to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromobenzothiazole (27.1) as white solid. mp >220° C. (dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₂O₄PSBr: C: 28.34; H: 2.38; N: 8.26. Found: C: 28.32; H: 2.24; N: 8.06.

[0934] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures:

[0935] (27.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethyloxybenzothiozole. mp >250° C. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₉N₂O₄PS+0.4H₂O: C: 35.93; H: 3.69; N: 10.48. Found: C: 35.90; H: 3.37; N: 10.37.

Example 28.

[0936] Preparation of 2-amino-4-phosphonomethyloxy-6-bromo-7-chlorobenzothiazole.

[0937] Step A.

[0938] A solution of 1-(2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl)-2-thiourea (1 mmole) in chloroform (10 mL) was cooled to 10° C. and treated with bromine (2.2 mmole) in chloroform (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at 10° C. for 20 min and at room temperature for 0.5 h. The resulting suspension was heated at reflux for 0.5 h. The precipitate was collected via filtration (washed with CH₂Cl₂) to give 2-amino-4-methoxy-7-chlorobenzothiazole which was subjected to Steps A, B, C and D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-bromo-7-chloro benzothiazole (28.1). mp >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSClBr: C: 25.72; H: 1.89; N: 7.50. Found: C: 25.66; H: 1.67; N: 7.23.

[0939] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to the above described procedures:

[0940] (28.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-bromo-7-methyl benzothiazole. mp >220° C. (dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PSBr: C: 30.61; H: 2.85; N: 7.93 Found: 030.25; H: 2.50; N: 7.77.

[0941] (28.3) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-7-methylbenzothiazole. mp >220° C. (dec.). Anal: calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS+1.0H₂O: C: 36.99; H: 4.48; N: 9.59. Found: C: 36.73; H: 4.23; N: 9.38.

[0942] (28.4) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-7-chlorobenzothiazole. mp >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₂O₄PSCl+0.1H₂O: C: 32.41; H: 2.79; N: 9.45. Found: C: 32.21; H: 2.74; N: 9.22.

Example 29

[0943] Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole.

[0944] Step A.

[0945] 3-Amino-2-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene was subjected to Step B of Example 27 to give 3-amino-2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthlene.

[0946] Step B.

[0947] A solution of KSCN (16 mmole) and CuSO₄ (7.7 mmole) in MeOH (10 mL) was treated with a solution of 3-amino-2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (1 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. Filtration, extraction and chromatography provided 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as light brown solid.

[0948] Step C.

[0949] 2-Amino-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (29.1). mp >220° C. (dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.5H₂O: C: 45.86; H: 4.81; N: 8.91 Found: C: 44.68; H: 4.77; N: 8.73.

[0950] The following compounds were also prepared according to above procedures:

[0951] (29.2) 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-[1,2-d]naphthothiazole. mp >240° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₁N₂O₄PS+0.2HBr: C: 44.15; H: 3.46; N: 8.58. Found: C: 44.13; H: 3.46; N: 8.59.

[0952] (29.3) 2-Amino-5,7-dimethyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >240° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂+0.2CH₂Cl₂: C: 37.13; H: 3.45; N: 11.60. Found: C: 37.03; H: 3.25; N: 11.65.

[0953] (29.4) Starting with 2-hydroxy-5-phenyl aniline and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-7-phenyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁5H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂+0.2H₂O: C: 45.38; H: 3.15; N: 10.58. Found: C: 45.25; H: 3.21; N: 10.53.

[0954] (29.5) Starting with 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichloro-4-methyl aniline and using the same reaction sequence as above (except the cyclization step was done using B₂, AcOH method i.e. Step A of Example 33) gave 2-Amino-5,7-dichloro-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >230° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₄PSCl₂: C: 31.50; H: 2.64; N: 8.16. Found: C: 31.61; H: 2.66; N: 8.08.

[0955] (29.6) Starting with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycarbonyl aniline and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-carboxybenzothiazole. mp. >230° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉N₂O₆PS: C: 35.53; H: 2.98; N: 9.21. Found: C: 35.56; H: 3.26; N: 9.03.

Example 30.

[0956] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-methoxy-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxy-benzothiazole.

[0957] Step A.

[0958] 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 27 to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene.

[0959] Step B.

[0960] A solution of SnCl₂ (4 mmole) in freshly prepared methonolic HCl (10 mL) was added to a cold (0° C.) solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxynitrobenzene (1 mmole) in MeOH (5 mL). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography provided 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxyaniline.

[0961] Step C.

[0962] 2-Diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-methoxyaniline was subjected to Step B of Example 29 to give 2-amino-4- diethylphosphonomethyloxy-6-thiocyano-7-methoxybenzothiazole, which was subjected to Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-methoxy-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (30.1). mp >170° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS₂: C: 34.58; H: 2.90; N: 12.10. Found: C: 34.23; H: 2.68; N: 11.77.

[0963] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to above procedures:

[0964] (30.2) 2-Amino-5,6-difluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >240° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSF₂: C: 32.44; H: 2.38; N: 9.46. Found: C: 32.30; H: 2.26; N: 9.17.

[0965] (30.3) 2-Amino-5-fluoro-7-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >190° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSBrF: C: 26.91; H: 1.98; N: 7.84. Found: C: 27.25; H: 1.92; N: 7.54.

[0966] (30.4) 2-Amino-7-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >240° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₆PS+0.2HBr+0.1DMF: C: 38.15; H: 3.94; N: 8.27. Found: C: 38.51; H: 3.57; N: 8.66.

Example 31.

[0967] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-bromo-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxy Benzothiazole.

[0968] Step A.

[0969] A solution of 2-fluoro-5-bromonitrobenzene (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with a solution of freshly prepared sodium salt of diethylhydroxymethylphosphonate (1.2 mmole) in DMF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room, temperature for 16 h. Evaporation, extraction and chromatography provided 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene.

[0970] Step B.

[0971] 2-Diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 30, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-bromo-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (31.1). mp >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇N₃O₄PS₂ Br: C: 27.29; H: 1.78; N: 10.61. Found: C: 26.90; H: 1.58; N: 10.54.

[0972] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to above procedures:

[0973] (31.2) 2-Amino-7-fluoro-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >136° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₇N₃O₄PFS₂+0.3HBr: C: 30.07; H: 2.05; N: 11.69. Found: C: 30.27; H: 2.01; N: 11:38.

[0974] (31.3) Starting with 2-fluoro-4-chloro nitrobenzene and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-6-chloro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₈N₂O₄PSCl: C: 32.61; H: 2.74; N: 9.51. Found: C: 32.27; H: 2.67; N: 9.18.

[0975] (31.4) Starting with 2-fluoro-4,5-dichloro nitrobenzene and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-6,7-dichloro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSCl₂: C: 29.20; H: 2.14; N: 8.51. Found: C: 29.11; H: 2.11; N: 8.36.

Example 32.

[0976] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-hydroxymethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxy Benzothiazole.

[0977] Step A.

[0978] 2-Chloro-5-formylnitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 31 to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-formylnitrobenzene.

[0979] Step B.

[0980] A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-formylnitrobenzene (1 mmole) in methanol (5 mL) was treated with 10% palladium on carbon (0.05 mmole) under 1 atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature for 12 h. Filtration followed by evaporation gave 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-hydroxymethylaniline which was subjected to Step B of Example 29 followed by Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-hydroxymethyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (32.1). mp 181-184° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀N₃O₅PS₂+0.35H₂O: C: 33.97; 11:3.05; N: 11.88. Found: C: 33.76; 11:2.66; N: 11.61.

[0981] A similar procedure was used to prepare the following compounds:

[0982] (32.2) Starting with 2-fluoro-4-methyl nitrobenzene and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₄PS+0.2 CH₂Cl₂: C: 37.94; H: 3.95; N: 9.62. Found: C: 38.16; H: 4.18; N: 9.39.

[0983] (32.3) Starting with 2-chloro-5-cyano nitrobenzene and using the same reaction sequence as above gave 2-Amino-7-cyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈N₃O₄PS+0.9H₂O: C: 35.86; H: 3.28; N: 13.94. Found: C: 35.07; H: 2.88; N: 13.58.

Example 33.

[0984] Preparation of 2-Amino-6-bromo-7-fluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[0985] Step A.

[0986] A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-4-bromo-5-fluoroaniline (1 mmole, prepared as in Example 4, Step B) and KSCN (2 mmole) in AcOH (8 mL) was cooled to 10° C., and treated with a solution of bromine (2 mmole) in AcOH (5 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was purified by chromatography to provide 2-amino-7-fluorol-6-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethyloxybenzothiazole which was subjected to Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-6-bromo-7-fluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (33.1). Anal. calcd. for C₈H₇N₂O₄PSBrF +0.1HBr: 0:26.31;11:1.96; N: 7.67. Found: 0:25.96;11:1.94; N: 7.37.

Example 34.

[0987] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-ethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[0988] Step A.

[0989] A solution of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-bromonitrobenzene (1 mmole, prepared as in Example 31, Step A from 2-fluoro-5-bromonitrobenzene) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (1.2 mmole) and palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride (0.1 mmole), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. under nitrogen for 6 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-vinylnitrobenzene as an oil which was subjected to Step B of Example 31, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-ethyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (34.1). mp >167° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂: C: 38.26; H: 3.50; N: 12.17. Found: C: 37.87; H: 3.47; N: 11.93.

[0990] A similar procedure was used to prepare the following compounds:

[0991] (34.2) 2-Amino-7-propyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄N₃O₄PS₂: C: 40.11; H: 3.93; N: 11.69. Found: C: 39.72; H: 3.82; N: 11.50. Using allyl tributyltin. (34.3) 2-Amino-7-(2-furyl)-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₄H₁₁N₃O₅BrPS₂+0.6 MeOH: C: 33.79; H: 2.79; N: 8.69. Found: C: 34.10; H: 2.83; N: 8.35. Using 2-furanyl tributyltin.

[0992] (34.4) 2-Amino-6-thiocyanato-7-(2-thienyl)-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₀N₃O₄PS₃: C: 39.09; H: 2.52; N: 10.52. Found: C: 38.91; H: 2.41; N: 10.34. Using 2-thienyl tributyltin.

[0993] (34.5) 2,5-Difluoro-4-bromo nitrobenzene was treated the same way to give 2-Amino-6-ethyl-7-fluoro-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄PSF: C: 39.22; H: 3.95; N: 9.15. Found: C: 38.83; H: 3.55; N: 9.02.

[0994] (34.6) 2,5-Difluoro-4-bromo nitrobenzene was treated with 2-thienyl tributyltin in the second step to give 2-Amino-7-fluoro-6-[2-(5-thiocyanato)thienyl]-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₉N₃O₄PS₃F+0.6 H₂O: C: 36.46; H: 2.40; N: 9.81. Found: C: 36.16; H: 2.10; N: 9.68.

Example 35.

[0995] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-cyclopropyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxy Benzothiazole.

[0996] Step A.

[0997] A suspension of 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-vinylnitrobenzene (1 mmole, prepared as in Step A of Example 33) and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.1 mmole) in ether (8 mL) was treated with a solution of diazomethane (generated from 3.0 g of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine) in ether at 0° C. After being stirred at room temperature for 20 h the reaction was evaporated to dryness and the residue was chromatographed to give 2-diethylphosphonomethyloxy-5-cyclopropylnitrobenzene which was subjected to Step B of Example 30, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-cyclopropyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole hydrogen bromide (35.1). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₄PS₂Br+0.1HBr: C: 27.76; H: 2.72; N: 8.09. Found: C: 27.54; H: 3.05; N: 7.83.

Example 36.

[0998] Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole.

[0999] Step A.

[1000] 2-Methoxy-4-chloro-5-methylaniline was subjected to Steps A and B of Example 27, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole (36.1). mp >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PS₂Cl+0.3H₂O=0.4HBr: C: 31.20; H: 3.20; N: 8.09. Found: C: 31.37; H: 2.87; N: 7.89.

[1001] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared according to above procedures:

[1002] (36.2) 2-Amino-7-phenyl-6-thiocyanato-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp >250° C. (dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₁₂N₃O₄PS₂+0.2H₂O: C: 45.38; H: 3.15; N: 10.58. Found: C: 45.25; H: 3.21; N: 10.53.

Example 37.

[1003] Preparation of 2-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1.2-d]thiazole.

[1004] Step A.

[1005] A solution of 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in CH₃CN (4 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and treated with CuBr₂ (1.2 mmole) followed by isoamylnitrite (1.5 mmole) in a dropwise fashion. The resulting dark mixture was stirred for 3.5 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as an oil.

[1006] Step B.

[1007] 2-Bromo-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 27 to give 2-bromo-4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (37.1) as a solid. Mp 220-230° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃NO₄PSBr: C: 38.11; H: 3.46; N: 3.70. Found: C: 37.75; H: 3.26; N: 3.69.

[1008] (37.2) The same procedure was used to react 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole with CuCl₂ to give 2-Chloro-4-phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₈NO₄PSCl₂+0.7HBr: C: 28.10; H: 2.28; N: 3.64. Found: C: 28.23; H: 2.20; N: 3.79.

Example 38

[1009] Preparation of 4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1.2-d]thiazole.

[1010] Step A.

[1011] A solution of isoamylnitrite (1.5 mmole) in DMF (1 mL) at 65° C. was treated with 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (1 mmole) in DMF (3 mL). After 30 min, the cooled reaction solution was subjected to evaporation and chromatography to provide 4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole as an oil, which was subjected to Step D of Example 27 to give 4-phosphonomethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole (38.1) as a solid. Mp 215-220° C. Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄NO4PS+1.3HBr: C: 35.63; H: 3.81; N: 3.46. Found: C: 35.53; H: 3.46; N: 3.40.

[1012] (38.2) The same reaction sequence was used to transform 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole to 4-Phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl benzothiazole. mp. 195-198° C. . Anal. calcd. for C₉H₉NO₄PSCl+0.5H₂O: C: 35.71; H: 3.33; N: 4.63. Found: C: 35.49; H: 3.19; N: 4.65.

Example 39.

[1013] Preparation of 2-Amino-4-phosphonomethythio Benzothiazole.

[1014] Step A.

[1015] 2-Diethylphosphonomethylthioaniline, prepared according to Step B of Example 27, was subjected to Step B of Example 29 to give 2-amino-4-diethylphosphonomethythio-benzothiazole.

[1016] Step B.

[1017] 2-Amino-4-diethylphosphonomethythiobenzothiazole was subjected to Step D of Example 34 to give 2-amino-4-phosphonomethythiobenzothiazole (39.1) as a foam. Anal. calcd. for C₈H₁₀N₂O₃PS₂+0.4H₂O: C: 35.63; H: 3.81; N: 3.46. Found: C: 35.53; H: 3.46; N: 3.40.

Example 40.

[1018] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-hexyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole.

[1019] Step A.

[1020] A solution of 1 mmole of 2-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5-bromonitrobenzene (prepared as in Example 30, step A) in diethyl amine (5 mL) was treated with 1-hexyne (1.2 mmole), CuI (0.1 mmole) and palladium bis(triphenylphosphine) dichloride (0.1 mmole), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. under nitrogen for 14 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5-(1-hexyn) benzene as an oil, which was subjected to Step B of Example 32, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-amino-7-hexyl-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. (40.1) 2-Amino-6-thiocyanato-7-(n-hexyl)-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₂₀N₃O₄PS₂: C: 44.88; H: 5.02; N: 10.47. Found: C: 44.54; H: 4.75; N: 10.37.

[1021] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared:

[1022] (40.2) A solution of 1 mmole of 2-diethylphosphonomethoxy-5-bromonitrobenzene (prepared as in Example 30, step A) was subjected to Step C of Example 27, followed a similar sequence as compound 40.1 to give 2-Amino-6-methyl-7-(n-hexyl)-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₅H₂₃N₂O₄PS+0.25HBr: C: 47.58; H: 6.19; N: 7.40. Found: C: 47.40; H: 6.07; N: 7.54.

Example 41.

[1023] Preparation of 2-Amino-6-methoxy-7-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1024] Step A.

[1025] A solution of 2-chloro-4-floro-5-methylnitrobenzene (1 mmole) in DMF (5 mL) was treated with fresh sodium methoxy (1.1 mmole), and the mixture was stirred for 6 h. Evaporation and chromatography gave 2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylnitrobenzene.

[1026] Step B.

[1027] 2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylnitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 31, Step B of Example 32, Step A of Example 33, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-6-methoxy-7-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole 41.1. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS: C: 39.48; H: 4.31; N: 9.21. Found: C: 39.39; H: 4.17; N: 8.98.

[1028] Similarly, the following compounds were prepared:

[1029] (41.2) 2-Amino-7-methyl-6-methylthio-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS₂+0.45HBr: C: 33.67; H: 3.80; N: 7.85. Found: C: 33.62; H: 3.86; N: 7.76.

[1030] (41.3) 2-Amino-6-ethoxy-7-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅PS: C: 41.51; H: 4.75; N: 8.80. Found: C: 41.80; H: 4.59; N: 8.95.

[1031] (41.4) 2-Amino-6-isobutoxy-7-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₅PS+0.15HBr: C: 43.56; H: 5.38; N: 7.81. Found: C: 43.59; H: 5.38; N: 7.86.

Example 42.

[1032] Preparation of 2-Amino-6-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1033] Step A.

[1034] To a solution of 1 mmol of 3-bromo chlorobenzene in 2 mL of con. H₂SO₄ was added 1.5 mmol of 79% HNO₃ at −10° C. After it was stirred for 30 min. the mixture was poured onto ice/water mixture. The yellow precipitate was filtered and dried to give a mixture of 2-chloro-4-bromo nitrobenzene (desired) and 4-chloro-2-bromo nitrobenzene.

[1035] Step B.

[1036] 2-Chloro-4-bromo nitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 34, Step B of Example 32, Step B of Example 29, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-6-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (42.1) mp. >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS+0.3HBr: C: 38.43; H: 4.29; N: 8.96. Found: C: 38.35; H: 4.44; N: 8.75.

[1037] Similarly, the following compound was prepared:

[1038] (42.2) 2-Amino-6-propyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.2HBr: C: 41.49; H: 4.81; N: 8.80. Found: C: 41.85; H: 4.12; N: 8.31.

Example 43.

[1039] Preparation of 2-Amino-6-thio-7-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1040] Step A.

[1041] A solution of 1 mmol of 2-Amino-6-thio-7-ethyl-4-diethylphosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (for preparation see Example 34) in 3 mL of 48% HBr in AcOH was heated at 90° C. for 16 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was washed with water to give 2-Amino-6-thio-7-ethyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (43.1). mp. >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃N₂O₄PS₂+0.2HBr: C: 35.69; H: 3.95; N: 8.33. Found: C: 35.49; H: 3.74; N: 8.33.

Example 44.

[1042] Preparation of 2-Amino-7-propyloxy-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1043] Step A.

[1044] To a solution of 1 mmol of 2-chloro-5-hydroxy nitrobenzene in 5 mL of DMF was added 1.2 mmol of NaH at 0° C. After 30 min, allyl bromide was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was washed with water and extracted with EtOAc to give 2-chloro-5-propenyloxy nitrobenzene.

[1045] Step B.

[1046] 2-Chloro-5-propenyloxy nitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 31, Step B of Example 32, Step A of Example 33, and Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-7-propyloxy-6-thiocyano-4-phosphonomethoxy benzothiazole. (44.1). mp. >220° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄N₃O₅PS₂+0.15HBr+0.08H₂O: C: 37.06; H: 3.71; N: 10.8. Found: C: 37.46; H: 3.48; N: 10.38.

Example 45.

[1047] Preparation of 2-Amino-6-methoxy-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1048] Step A.

[1049] 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy nitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 32, Step B of Example 27, Step B of Example 29, Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-6-methoxy-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole (45.1) mp. >230° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₁N₂O₅PS+0.5H₂O: C: 36.12; H: 4.04; N: 9.36. Found: C: 36.18; H: 3.81; N: 9.47.

Example 46

[1050] 2-Amino-7-ethyl-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1051] Step A.

[1052] 2-Fluoro-4-methyl nitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 31, Step C of Example 27, Step A of Example 34, Step B of Example 32, Step B of Example 29, Step D of Example 27 to give (46.1) 2-Amino-7-ethyl-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₄PS+0.1 HBr: C: 42.57; H: 4.90; N: 9.03. Found: C: 42.32; H: 4.71; N: 8.87.

Example 47

[1053] 2-Amino-7-bromo-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1054] Step A.

[1055] 2-Fluoro-4-methyl nitrobenzene was subjected to Step A of Example 31, Step C of Example 27, Step B of Example 30, Step A of Example 33, Step D of Example 27 to give 2-Amino-7-bromo-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. (47.1) mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PSBr+0.3HBr: C: 28.64; H: 2.75; N: 7.42. Found: C: 28.62; H: 2.60; N: 7.42.

Example 48.

[1056] 2-Amino-7-fluoro-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1057] Step A.

[1058] 2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-5-fluoro nitrobenzene was subjected to Step B of Example 27, Step B of Example 32, Step A of Example 33, Step D of Example 27 to give (48.1) 2-Amino-7-fluoro-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PSF+0.1HBr: C: 35.99; H: 3.39; N: 9.33. Found: C: 35.84; H: 3.32; N: 9.31.

[1059] (48.2) Starting with 2-hydroxy-5-chloro-4-methyl aniline and using the same reaction sequence as above (except the reduction of NO₂ step was done using SnCl₂ method i.e. Step B of Example 30) gave 2-Amino-7-chloro-6-methyl-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. (48.2) mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₄PSCl+0.6H₂O: C: 34.62; H: 3.36; N: 8.97. Found: C: 34.48; H: 3.40; N: 8.72.

Example 49

[1060] 2-Amino-6-bromo-7-methoxy-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole.

[1061] Step A.

[1062] 2-Amino-4,7-dimethoxy benzothiazole [prepared from 1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2- thiourea using the procedure Step A of Example 28]was subjected to Step C to give 2-Amino-4,7-dimethoxy-6-bromo benzothiazole.

[1063] Step B.

[1064] To a solution of 1 mmol of 2-Amino-4,7-dimethoxy-6-bromo benzothiazole in CH₂Cl₂ was added 2.2 mmol of BBr₃ in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. for 16 h. Aqueous work-up and chromatography gave 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-bromo-7-methoxy benzothiazole.

[1065] Step C.

[1066] 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-bromo-7-methoxy benzothiazole was subjected to Step B of Example 27, Step D of Example 27 to give (49.1) 2-Amino-6-bromo-7-methoxy-4-phosphonomethoxybenzothiazole. mp. >250° C.(dec.). Anal. calcd. for C₉H₁₀N₂O₅PSBr: C: 29.28; H: 2.73; N: 7.59. Found: C: 28.90; H: 3.05; N: 7.20.

Example 50

[1067] General Procedure for Bis-phosphoroamide Prodrugs: Dichloridate Formation.

[1068] To a suspension of 1 mmol of phosphonic acid in 5 mL of dichloroethane was added 0.1 mmol of pyridine (or 0.1 mmol of DMF) followed by 6 mmol of thionyl chloride and was heated to reflux for 2.5 h. Solvent and excess thionyl chloride were removed under reduced pressure and dried to give the dichloridate.

[1069] Coupling Reaction:

[1070] Method A: The crude dichloridate was taken into 5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂, and was added 8 mmol of amino acid ester at 0° C. The resultant mixture was allowed to come to rt where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was subjected to aq. work up and chromatography.

[1071] Method B: The crude dichloridate was taken into 5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂, and was added a mixture of 4 mmol of amino acid ester and 4 mmol of N-methylimidazole at 0:° C. The resultant mixture was allowed to come to rt where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction mixture was subjected to aq. work up and chromatography.

[1072] The following compounds were prepared in this manner.

[1073] (50.1) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-N,N-bis(L-glutamic acid diethylester) phosphonoamido)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₉H₄₅N₄O₁₀PS: C: 51:78; H: 6.74; N: 8.33. Found: C: 51.70; H: 6.64; N: 8.15.

[1074] (50.2) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-(5-N,N-bis(L-alanine acid dibenzyl ester)phosphonoamido)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₁H₃₇N₄O₆PS: C: 59.60; H: 5.97; N: 8.97. Found: C: 59.27; H: 5.63; N: 8.74.

[1075] (50.3) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N-bis(benzyloxycarbonylmethyl) phosphonodiamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₅N₄O₆PS+0.3CH₂Cl₂: C: 46.93; H: 5.22; N: 11.34. Found: C: 46.92; H: 5.00; N: 11.22.

[1076] (50.4) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N-bis(benzyloxycarbonylmethyl) phosphonodiamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₉H₃₃N₄O₆PS: C: 58.38; H: 5.57; N: 9.39. Found: C: 58.20; H: 5.26; N: 9.25.

[1077] (50.5) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((R)-1-methoxycarbonyl)ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₆PS+0.6 CH₂Cl₂: C: 44.97; H: 5.82; N: 10.70. Found: C: 44.79; H: 5.46; N: 10.48.

[1078] (50.6) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp. 164-165° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₆PS+0.61 CH₂Cl₂: C: 46.99; H: 6.24; N: 10.14. Found: C: 47.35; H: 5.85; N: 9.85.

[1079] (50.7) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((t-butoxycarbonyl)methyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS+0.15 CH₂Cl₂: C: 51.36; H: 6.94; N: 10.35. Found: C: 51.34; H: 6.96; N: 10.06.

[1080] (50.8) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl) methyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₆PS+0.1EtOAc+0.47 CH₂Cl₂: C: 45.79; H: 5.94; N: 10.75. Found: C: 46.00; H: 5.96; N: 10.46.

[1081] (50.9) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(O-(2-bis(N-(1-methyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp. 142-145° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS: C: 52.26; 7.06; 10.60. Found: C: 52.21; 6.93; 10.62.

[1082] (50.10) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-N,N′-dimethylphosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₆PS: C: 50.39; H: 6.65; N: 11.19. Found: C: 50.57; H: 6.56; N: 11.06.

[1083] (50.11) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-methyl)propyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₅H₄₅N₄O₆PS+0.5H₂O: C: 60.94; H: 6.72; N: 8.12. Found: C: 61.01:H: 6.48; N: 7.82.

[1084] (50.12) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-methoxycarbonyl-3-methyl)butyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₅H₄₁N₄O₆PS: C: 53.94; H: 7.42; N: 10.06. Found: C: 54.12; H: 7.62; N: 9.82.

[1085] (50.13) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((R)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-(S-benzyl))ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl)thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₅H₄₅N₄O₆PS₃+0.4 toluene: C: 58.07; H: 6.21; N: 7.17. Found: C: 57.87; H: 6.14; N: 6.81.

[1086] (50.14) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(S-methyl))butyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS₃: C: 46.61; H: 6.92; N: 9.45. Found: C: 46.26; H: 6.55; N: 9.06.

[1087] (50.15) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-(1-(S)ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₃₁N₄O₆PS₂: C: 46.32; H: 6.03; N: 10.80. Found: C: 46.52; H: 6.18; H: 10.44.

[1088] (50.16) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-methyl)isobutyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₇H₄₉N₄O₆PS: C: 62.69; H: 6.97; H: 7.90. Found: C: 62.85; h 7.06, 7.81.

[1089] (50.17) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methyl)butyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₄₅N₄O₆PS: C: 55.46; H: 7.76; N: 9.58. Found: C: 55.35; H: 7.94; N: 9.41.

[1090] (50.18) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl)propyl) pbosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₅H₄₁N₄O₆PS: C: 53.94; H: 7.42; N: 10.06. Found: C: 54.01; H: 7.58; N: 9.94.

[1091] (50.19) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-phenyl)ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₃H₄₁N₄O₆PS+0.15 CH₂Cl₂: C: 59.83; H: 6.26; H: 8.42. Found: C: 59.88; H: 6.28; H: 8.32.

[1092] (50.20) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-(1-methyl-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp. 110-115° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₃₅N₄O₆PS₂+0.4HC1+0.5Et₂O: C: 48.18; H: 6.81; N: 9.36. Found: C: 48.38; H: 6.60; H: 8.98.

[1093] (50.21) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis(1-methyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl) phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₃₁N₄O₆PS₂+0.5H₂O: C: 45.53; H: 6.11; N: 10.62. Found: C: 45.28; H: 5.85; N: 10.56.

Example 51

[1094] General Procedure For Mixed Bis-phosphoroamidate Prodrugs.

[1095] To a solution of crude dichloridate (1 mmol, prepared as described in Example 50) in 5 mL of dry CH₂Cl₂ was added amine (1 mmol) followed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (3 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was cooled back to 0° C. before adding amino acid ester (2 mmol) and left at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was subjected to aq. work up and the mixed bis-phosphoroamidate prodrug was purified by column chromatography.

[1096] The following compounds were prepared in this manner.

[1097] (51.1) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N-morpholino-N′-(1-methyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp. 182-183° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₅PS: C: 52.05; H: 6.86; N: 11.56. Found: C: 51.66; H: 6.68; N: 11.31.

[1098] (51.2) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N-pyrrolidino-N′-(1-methyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. mp. 189-190° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₄PS: C: 53.83; H: 7.10; N: 11.96. Found: C: 54.15; H: 7.48; N: 12.04.

Example 52

[1099] Bis-phosphoroamide Prodrug Synthesis Using Mukaivama's Method with Some Modifications.

[1100] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 8528.

[1101] To a suspension of 1.0 mmol. phosphonic acid and 2.0 mmol of amino acid ester salt (for example alanine ethyl ester HCl salt) in 9 mL of pyridine, Et₃N and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidione (DMPU) (1:1:1) was added a premixed solution of 4 mmol of aldrithiol and 4 mmol of PPh₃ in 3 mL of pyridine. After 16 h at 90° C., the solvents pyridine and Et₃N were removed under reduced pressure. The remaining solution upon dilution with hexane (100 mL) the crude product was oiled out and was subjected to chromatography purification.

[1102] The following compounds were prepared using this method.

[1103] (52.1) 2-Amino-4-[(N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonodiamidomethoxy]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole. Mp. 153-156° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₃₃N₄O₆PS: C: 51.55; H: 6.49; N: 10.93. Found: C: 51.39; H: 6.24; N: 10.96.

[1104] (52.2) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[(N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonodiamidomethoxycarbonyl]-thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₃₁N₄₀ ₇PS: C: 45.18; H: 6.53; N: 11.71. Found: C: 45.33; H: 6.56; N: 11.46.

[1105] (52.3) 4-Amino-7-ethyl-5-fluoro-1-isobutyl-2-[5-({N,N′-(1-(S) ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonodiamido)furanyl]benzimidazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₃₉N₅O₆PF: C: 55.95; H: 6.78; N: 12.08. Found: C: 55.73; H: 6.65; N: 11.72.

[1106] (52.4) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-({N,N′-(1-(S)ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₂₉N₄O₈PS+0.3 CH₂Cl₂: C: 44.99; H: 5.50; N: 10.34. Found: C: 44.68; H: 5.30; N: 10.37.

[1107] (52.5) 2-Amino-4-[(N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)methyl)phosphonodiamidomethoxy]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-d]thiazole. Mp. 177-178° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₂₉N₄O₆PS: C: 49.58; H: 6.03; N: 11.56. Found: C: 49.20; H: 5.95; N: 11.51.

[1108] (52.6) 2-Amino-5-isopropyl-4-[(N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)methyl)phosphonodiamidomethoxycarbonyl]-thiazole. Mp. 122-125° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₂₇N₄O₇PS: C: 42.66; H: 6.04; N: 12.44. Found: C: 42.60; H: 6.08; N: 12.43.

[1109] (52.7) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-bromo-7-chloro-benzothiazole. Mp. 210-212° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₅N₄O₆PSBrCl: C: 37.81; H: 4.41; N: 9.80. Found: C: 37.88; H: 4.35; N: 9.84.

[1110] (52.8) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-(t-butoxy)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₄₃N₄O₈PS₂: C: 49.20; H: 6.83; N: 8.83. Found: C: 49.38; H: 6.68; N: 8.65.

[1111] (52.9) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methylbutyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₄₃N₄O₆PS₂: C: 51.81; H: 7.19; N: 9.30. Found: C: 52.03; H: 6.78; N: 9.04.

[1112] (52.10) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methylpropyl)phosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd for C₂₄H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 50.16; H: 6.84; N: 9.75. Found: C: 50.01; H: 6.76; N: 9.66.

[1113] (52.11) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-(t-butoxy)propyl)phosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₈H₄₇N₄O₈PS₂: C: 50.74; H: 7.15; N: 8.45. Found: C: 51.08; H: 7.33; N: 8.25.

[1114] (52.12) 2-Amino-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(1-ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopentyl)phosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 52.16; H: 6.57; N: 9.36. Found: C: 52.55; H: 6.53; N: 9.31.

[1115] (52.13) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl)propylphosphonamido }furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₃₅N₄O₆PS₂: C: 48.34; H: 6.45; N: 10.25. Found: C: 48.65; H: 6.29; N: 10.23.

[1116] (52.14) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl-benzothiazole. Mp. 178-180° C.: Anal. calcd. for Cl₉H₂₈N₄O₆PSCl: C: 45.02; H: 5.57; N: 11.05. Found: C: 45.12; H: 5.49; N: 10.92.

[1117] (52.15) 2-Amino-5-methylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole. Mp. 94-95° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₇N₄O₆PS₂: C: 44.07; H: 5.55; N: 11.42. Found: C: 44.42; H: 5.44; N: 11.29.

[1118] (52.16) 2-Amino-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-ethoxycarbonyl)butyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 50.16; H: 6.84; N: 9.75. Found: C: 49.96; H: 6.91; N: 9.68.

[1119] (52.17) 2-Amino-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S) 1-ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohexanylmethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₀H₄₇N₄O₆PS₂: C: 55.03; H: 7.23; N: 8.56. Found: C: 54.89; H: 7.14; N: 8.42.

[1120] (52.18) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methoxy-benzothiazole. Mp. 144-146° C.: Anal. calcd. for Cl₉H₂₉N₄O₇PS: C: 46.72; H: 5.98; N: 11.47. Found: C: 46.76; H: 5.72; N: 11.33.

[1121] (52.19) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methoxy-benzothiazole. Mp. 150-152° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₂₅N₄O₇PS: C: 44.35; H: 5.47; N: 12.17. Found: C: 44.74; H: 5.45; N: 11.99.

[1122] (52.20) 2-Amino-7-ethyl-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methylbenzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₆PS: C: 50.39; H: 6.65; N: 11.19. Found: C: 50.22; H: 6.34; N: 11.30.

[1123] (52.21) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methyl-benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for Cl₉H₂₉N₄O₆PS: C: 48.30; H: 6.19; N: 11.86. Found: C: 48.67; H: 5.90; N: 11.86.

[1124] (52.22) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-methyl-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-chloro-7-methyl-benzothiazole. Mp. 170-172° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₂N₄O₆PSC1: C: 47.15; H: 6.03; N: 10.47. Found: C: 47.22; H: 5.87; N: 10.08.

[1125] (52.23) 2-Amino-7-ethyl-4-{N,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)}phosphonomethoxy-6-methyl-benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₆PS: C: 48.30; H: 6.19; N: 11.86. Found: C: 47.98; H: 6.36; N: 11.88.

[1126] (52.24) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)}phosphonomethoxy-6-methyl-benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₂₅N₄O₆PS+0.5H₂O: C: 45.03; H: 5.78; N: 12.36. Found: C: 44.80; H: 6.10; N: 12.40.

[1127] (52.25) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-t-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 50.16; H: 6.84; N: 9.75. Found: C: 50.26; H: 6.71; N: 9.51.

[1128] (52.26) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-n-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 50.16; H: 6.84; N: 9.75. Found: C: 50.38; H: 6.64; N: 9.64.

[1129] (52.27) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-({N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)propyl}phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₃₃N₄O₈PS: C: 48.52; H: 6.11; N: 10.29. Found: C: 48.62; H: 6.02; N: 10.26.

[1130] (52.28) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-({N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)butyl}phosphono)furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₇N₄O₈PS: C: 50.34; H: 6.51; N: 9.78. Found: C: 50.34; H: 6.57; N: 9.65.

[1131] (52.29) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-(5-({N,N′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopentyl}phosphono)furanyl]hiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₃₇N₄O₈PS: C: 52.34; H: 6.25; N: 9.39. Found: C: 52.02; H: 6.20; N: 9.34.

[1132] (52.30) 2-Amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methylpropyl)phosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₄H₃₇N₄O₈PS: C: 50.34; H: 6.51; N: 9.78. Found: C: 50.56; H: 6.40; N: 9.65.

[1133] (52.31) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis-coumarin)phosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₈H₂₃N₄O₆PS₂: C: 55.44; H: 3.82; N: 9.24. Found: C: 55.52; H: 3.66; N: 9.01.

[1134] (52.32) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-iso-propoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido) }furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. For C₂₂H₃₅N₄O₆PS₂: C: 48.34; H: 6.45; N: 10.25. Found: C: 48.03; H: 6.45; N: 10.09.

[1135] (52.33) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-n-propoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₃₅N₄O₆PS₂: C: 48.34; H: 6.45; N: 10.25. Found: C: 48.39; H: 6.27; N: 10.20.

[1136] (52.34) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)1-cycloheptoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₃₉N₄O₆PS₂: C: 52.16; H: 6.57; N: 9.36. Found: C: 52.07; H: 6.51; N: 9.10.

[1137] (52.35) 2-Amino-6-ethyl-7-fluoro-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₃₀N₄O₆PSF: C: 47.61; H: 5.99; N: 11.10. Found: C: 47.59; H: 5.79; N: 10.90.

[1138] (52.36) 2-Amino-6-ethyl-7-fluoro-4-{N,N′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)methyl}phosphonomethoxy-benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₆N₄O₆PSF: C: 45.38; H: 5.50; N: 11.76. Found: C: 45.07; H: 5.25; N: 11.49.

[1139] (52.37) 2-Amino-7-bromo-4-{N,N′-(1-(S)-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methylbenzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₈N₄O₆PSBr: C: 41.39; H: 5.12; N: 10.16. Found: C: 41.40; H: 5.05; N: 9.94.

[1140] (52.38) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)methylethyl}phosphonomethoxy-6-methylbenzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₆PS+0.5H₂O: C: 49.50; H: 6.73; N: 11.00. Found: C: 49.18; H: 6.61; N: 11.39.

[1141] (52.39) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)propyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS: C: 52.26; H: 7.06; N: 10.60. Found: C: 52.47; H: 7.29; N: 10.77.

[1142] (52.40) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-cyclohexylmethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₃₀H₄₇N₄O₆PS₂: C: 55.03; H: 7.23; N: 8.56. Found: C: 55.08; H: 7.35; N: 8.39.

[1143] (52.41) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopentyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₄₁N₄O₆PS: C: 55.85; H: 7.12; N: 9.65. Found: C: 55.62; H: 6.81; N: 9.66.

[1144] (52.42) 2-Amino-4-{N,N′-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopentyl}phosphonomethoxy-7-fluoro-6-methyl benzothiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₃₈N₄O₆PSF+0.15 Et₂O: C: 53.63; H: 6.68; N: 9.40. Found: C: 53.93; H: 6.39; N: 9.50.

[1145] (52.43) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-(1-neopentoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₄₅N₄O₆PS+0.1H₂O: C: 55.29; H: 7.77; N: 9.55. Found: C: 54.90; H: 7.68; N: 9.44.

[1146] (52.44) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((R,S)-1-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)]furanyl}thiazole. Mp. 143-146° C.: Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₆PS: C: 50.39; H: 6.65; N: 11.19. Found: C: 50.33; H: 6.58; N: 11.00.

[1147] (52.45) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-(1-isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS: C: 52.26; H: 7.06; N: 10.60. Found: C: 52.34; H: 7.02; N: 10.50.

[1148] (52.46) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-(1-propoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₆PS+0.1 CH₂Cl₂: C: 51.66; H: 6.98; N: 10.43. Found: C: 51.50; H: 7.01; N: 10.63.

[1149] (52.47) 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-(1-isobutoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido)}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₅H₄₁N₄O₆PS: C: 53.94; H: 7.42; N: 10.06. Found: C: 53.59; H: 7.64; N: 9.98.

[1150] (52.48) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis((S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₀H₃₁N₄O₇PS: C: 47.80; H: 6.22; N: 11.15. Found: C: 47.90; H: 6.17; N: 10.92.

[1151] (52.49) 2-Amino-5-propylthio-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-bis-1-ethoxycarbonyl)methyl)phosphonamido]furanyl}oxazole. Anal. calcd. for C₁₈H₂₇N₄O₇PS: C: 45.57; H: 5.74; N: 11.81. Found: C: 45.87; H: 5.68; N: 11.68.

[1152] (52.50) 2-Amino-5-(isobutyl-d₉)-4-[2-{5-(N,N′-bis(S)-1-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)ethylphosphonamido}furanyl]thiazole. Anal. calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄D₉N₄O₆SP: C: 49.50; H: 4,75; N: 10.99. Found: C: 49.89; H: 6.55; N: 10.97.

[1153] Examples of use of the method of the invention include the following. It will be understood that these examples are exemplary and that the method of the invention is not limited solely to these examples.

[1154] For the purposes of clarity and brevity, chemical compounds are referred to by synthetic Example number in the biological examples below.

[1155] Compound A is 4-Amino-5-fluoro-7-ethyl-1-isobutyl-2-(2-phosphono-5-furanyl)benzimidazole;

[1156] Compound B is 4-Amino-5-fluoro-1-cyclopropylmethyl-2-(2-phosphono-5-furanyl)benzimidazole.

[1157] Compound C is 2-Amino-5-isobutyl-4-{2-[N-(1-methyl-1-carboxy)ethylmonophosphonamido]furanyl}thiazole

[1158] Besides the following Examples, assays that may be useful for identifying compounds which inhibit gluconeogenesis include the following animal models of diabetes:

[1159] i. Animals with pancreatic b-cells destroyed by specific chemical cytotoxins such as Alloxan or Streptozotocin (e.g. the Streptozotocin-treated mouse, rat, dog, and monkey). Kodama, H., Fujita, M., Yamaguchi, I., Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 66, 331-336 (1994) (mouse); Youn, J. H., Kim, J. K., Buchanan, T. A., Diabetes 43, 564-571 (1994) (rat); Le Marchand, Y., Loten, E. G., Assimacopoulos-Jannet, F., et al., Diabetes 27, 1182-88 (1978) (dog); and Pitkin, R. M., Reynolds, W. A., Diabetes 19, 70-85 (1970) (monkey).

[1160] ii. Mutant mice such as the C57BL/Ks db/db, C57BL/Ks ob/ob, and C57BL/6J ob/ob strains from Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, and others such as Yellow Obese, T-KK, and New Zealand Obese. Coleman, D. L., Hummel, K. P., Diabetologia 3, 238-248 (1967) (C57BL/Ks db/db); Coleman, D. L., Diabetologia 14, 141-148 (1978) (C57BL/6J ob/ob); Wolff, G. L., Pitot, H. C., Genetics 73, 109-123 (1973) (Yellow Obese); Dulin, W. E., Wyse, B. M., Diabetologia 6, 317-323 (1970) (T-KK); and Bielschowsky, M., Bielschowsky, F. Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School 31, 29-31 (1953) (New Zealand Obese).

[1161] iii. Mutant rats such as the Zucker fa/fa Rat rendered diabetic with Streptozotocin or Dexamethasone, the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat, and the Wistar Kyoto Fatty Rat. Stolz, K. J., Martin, R. J. Journal of Nutrition 112, 997-1002 (1982) (Streptozotocin); Ogawa, A., Johnson, J. H., Ohnbeda, M., McAllister, C. T., Inman, L., Alam, T., Unger, R. H., The Journal of Clinical Investigation 90, 497-504 (1992) (Dexamethasone); Clark, J. B., Palmer, C. J., Shaw, W N., Proceedings of the Societyfor Experimental Biology and Medicine 173, 68-75 (1983) (Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat); and Idida, H., Shino, A., Matsuo, T., et al., Diabetes 30, 1045-1050 (1981) (Wistar Kyoto Fatty Rat).

[1162] iv. Animals with spontaneous diabetes such as the Chinese Hamster, the Guinea Pig, the New Zealand White Rabbit, and non-human primates such as the Rhesus monkey and Squirrel monkey. Gerritsen, G. C., Connel, M. A., Blanks, M. C., Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 40, 237 245 (1981) (Chinese Hamster); Lang, C. M., Munger, B. L., Diabetes 25, 434-443 (1976) (Guinea Pig); Conaway, H. H., Brown, C. J., Sanders, L. L. et al., Journal of Heredity 71, 179-186 (1980) (New Zealand White Rabbit); Hansen, B. C., Bodkin, M. L., Diabetologia 29, 713-719 (1986) (Rhesus monkey); and Davidson, I. W., Lang, C. M., Blackwell, W. L., Diabetes 16, 395-401 (1967) (Squirrel monkey).

[1163] v. Animals with nutritionally induced diabetes such as the Sand Rat, the Spiny Mouse, the Mongolian Gerbil, and the Cohen Sucrose-Induced Diabetic Rat. Schmidt-Nielsen, K., Hainess, H. B., Hackel, D. B., Science 143, 689-690 (1964) (Sand Rat); Gonet, A. E., Stauffacher, W., Pictet, R., et al., Diabetologia 1, 162-171 (1965) (Spiny Mouse); Boquist, L., Diabetologia 8, 274-282 (1972) (Mongolian Gerbil); and Cohen, A. M., Teitebaum, A., Salitemik, R., Metabolism 21, 235-240 (1972) (Cohen Sucrose-Induced Diabetic Rat).

[1164] vi. Any other animal with one of the following or a combination of the following characteristics resulting from a genetic predisposition, genetic engineering, selective breeding, or chemical or nutritional induction: impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, accelerated gluconeogenesis, increased hepatic glucose output.

Example A Inhibition of Human Liver FBPase

[1165]E. coli strain BL21 transformed with a human liver FBPase-encoding plasmid was obtained from Dr. M. R. El-Maghrabi at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. The enzyme was typically purified from 10 liters of recombinant E. coli culture as described (M. Gidh-Jain et al. ,1994, The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269, pp 27732-27738). Enzymatic activity was measured spectrophotometrically in reactions that coupled the formation of product (fructose 6-phosphate) to the reduction of dimethylthiazoldiphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) via NADP+and phenazine methosulfate (PMS), using phosphoglucose isomerase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as the coupling enzymes. Reaction mixtures (200 μl) were made up in 96-well microtitre plates, and consisted of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM NADP, 1 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM MTT, 0.6 mM PMS, 1 unit/ml phosphoglucose isomerase, 2 units/ml glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 0.150 mM substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate). Inhibitor concentrations were varied from 0.01 μM to 10 μM. Reactions were started by the addition of 0.002 units of pure hlFBPase, and were monitored for 7 minutes at 590 nm in a Molecular Devices Plate Reader (37° C.).

[1166] The table below provides the IC₅₀ values for several compounds prepared. The IC₅₀ for AMP is 1 μLM. Compound # IC₅₀ (hlFBPase), μM 3.1 0.025 3.2 0.1  3.25 0.014  3.26 0.015  3.58* 0.018 (*non-HBr salt)  3.67 2  3.69 1  3.70 0.04 6.3 0.044 10.1  0.12 10.27 0.038 10.43 0.07 15.20 0.04 15.14 0.032 16.1  0.06 17.6  0.62 17.11 0.78 18.3  0.05 18.11 0.33 18.20 0.039 18.25 2 19.2  0.4 22.2  2.8 34.1  0.022 A 0.055 B 0.055

[1167] Inhibition of Rat Liver FBPase

[1168]E. coli strain BL21 transformed with a rat liver FBPase-encoding plasmid was obtained from Dr. M. R. El-Maghrabi at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Recombinant FBPase was purified as described (El-Maghrabi, M. R., and Pilkis, S. J. (1991) BioChem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176, 137-144) The enzyme assay was identical to that described above for human liver FBPase.

[1169] The table below provides the IC₅₀ values for several compounds prepared. The IC₅₀ for AMP is 20 μM. Compound # IC₅₀ (rlFBPase), μM 3.1 0.18 3.2 2.5 3.25 0.5 3.26 0.25 3.58* 0.05 (*non-HBr salt) 3.70 0.15 6.3 0.5 10.1 2 10.2 2.5 10.27 2.9 10.43 0.8 15.2 1.3 15.4 4.1 15.6 7 15.20 0.6 15.14 0.68 16.1 1.8 18.20 0.28 18.3 0.49 34.1 0.16 A 0.55 B 2.1

Example B AMP Site Binding

[1170] To assess whether compounds bind to the allosteric AMP binding site of hlFBPase, the enzyme is incubated with radio-labeled AMP in the presence of a range of test compound concentrations. The reaction mixtures consist of 25 mM ³H-AMP (54 mCi/mmole) and 0-1000 mM test compound in 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 100 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl₂. 1.45 mg of homogeneous FBPase (± nmole) is added last. After a 1 minute incubation, AMP bound to FBPase is separated from unbound AMP by means of a centrifugal ultrafiltration unit (“Ultrafree-MC”, Millipore) used according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The radioactivity in aliquots (100 μl) of the upper compartment of the unit (the retentate, which contains enzyme and label) and the lower compartment (the filtrate, which contains unbound label) is quantified using a Beckman liquid scintillation counter. The amount of AMP bound to the enzyme is estimated by comparing the counts in the filtrate (the unbound label) to the total counts in the retentate.

Example C Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis in Rat Hepatocytes

[1171] Hepatocytes were prepared from overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) according to the procedure of Berry and Friend (Berry, M. N., Friend, D. S., 1969, J. Cell. Biol. 43, 506-520) as modified by Groen (Groen, A. K., Sips, H. J., Vervoorn, R. C., Tager, J. M., 1982, Eur. J BioChem. 122, 87-93). Hepatocytes (75 mg wet weight/ml) were incubated in 1 ml Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 10 mM Lactate, 1 mM pyruvate, 1 mg/ml BSA, and test compound concentrations from 1 to 500 μM. Incubations were carried out in a 95% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere in closed, 50-ml Falcon tubes submerged in a rapidly shaking water bath (37° C.). After 1 hour, an aliquot (0.25 ml) was removed, transferred to an Eppendorf tube and centrifuged. 50 11 of supernatant was then assayed for glucose content using a Sigma Glucose Oxidase kit as per the manufacturer's instructions.

[1172] IC₅₀'s for select compounds in this assay are shown in the table below. Compound IC₅₀ Glucose Production, μM 3.1  2.5 3.2 26 3.26 10 3.58*  2.0 (*non-HBr salt) 10.1 15 10.2 16 16.1 10 50.6  2.0 50.9  2.2 50.2  2.1

Example D Glucose Production Inhibition and Fructose-1.6-bisphosphate Accumulation in Rat Hepatocytes

[1173] Isolated rat hepatocytes are prepared as described in Example C and incubated under the identical conditions described. Reactions are terminated by removing an aliquot (250 μL) of cell suspension and spinning it through a layer of oil (0.8 ml silicone/mineral oil, 4/l) into a 10% perchloric acid layer (100 μL). After removal of the oil layer, the acidic cell extract layer is neutralized by addition of ⅓rd volume of 3 M KOH/3 M KHCO₃. After thorough mixing and centrifugation, the supernatant is analyzed for glucose content as described in Example C, and also for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is assayed spectrophotometrically by coupling its enzymatic conversion to glycerol 3-phosphate to the oxidation of NADH, which is monitored at 340 nm. Reaction mixtures (1 mL) consist of 200 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.3 mM NADH, 2 units/ml glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2 units/ml triosephosphate isomerase, and 50-100 μL cell extract. After a 30 minute preincubation at 37° C., 1 unit/ml of aldolase is added and the change in absorbance measured until a stable value is obtained. 2 moles of NADH are oxidized in this reaction per mole of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate present in the cell extract.

[1174] A dose-dependent inhibition of glucose production accompanied by a dose-dependent accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (the substrate of FBPase) is an indication that the target enzyme in the gluconeogenic pathway, FBPase, is inhibited.

Example E Chemical Stability

[1175] Aim: To assess the stability of prodrugs 50.6, 50.9, 50.15, and 50.20 in a phosphate buffered, aqueous solution at neutral pH.

[1176] Methods: A 50 or 100 μg/mL solution of prodrug in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7 (room temperature) was sampled daily for up to 10 days. Samples were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with use of a Beckman Ultrasphere C18 column (4.6×250 mm). The column was equilibrated and eluted with a gradient from 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 5.5 to 70% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Detection was at 300 or 315 nm, column temperature at 40° C. Under these conditions, the prodrugs were well separated from parent compound standards; the retention time for the prodrugs was between 16 and 18 minutes, whereas the parent compounds, 3.1 and 3.58 (non-HBr salt), eluted at 9 and 10 minutes, respectively.

[1177] Results: The prodrugs evaluated exhibited good stability at neutral pH. Less than 10% decomposition of the prodrugs was noted over a 4 day incubation period. The t90's for 50.6, 50.9, 50.15, and 50.20 at pH 7 were thus >96 hours.

Example F Estimation of Oral Bioavailability in the Rat

[1178] Aim: To estimate the oral bioavailability of prodrugs by means of the urinary parent compound excretion method in the rat.

[1179] Methods: Prodrugs were dissolved in 10% ethanol/90% polyethylene glycol (mw 400) and administered by oral gavage at doses of 10 to 40 mg/kg parent compound equivalents to 6-hour fasted, Sprague Dawley rats (220-240 g). Parent compounds were typically dissolved in deionized water, neutralized with sodium hydroxide, and then administered via the tail vein at 10 mg/kg to rats that were briefly anesthetized with halothane. The rats were subsequently placed in metabolic cages and urine was collected for 24 hours. The quantity of parent compound excreted into urine was determined by HPLC analysis. Analysis was performed as described in Example E. The percentage oral bioavailability was estimated by comparison of the recovery in urine of the parent compound generated from the prodrug administered orally, to that recovered in urine following intravenous administration of unsubstituted parent compound.

[1180] Results: The estimated % oral bioavailability of select prodrugs is shown below. Parent Oral Prodrug compound Bioavailability, % 50.2 3.1 11 50.3 3.1 7 50.4 3.1 17 50.5 3.1 22 50.6 3.1 21.5 50.8 3.1 26 50.9 3.1 40 50.15 3.8 22 50.20 3.8 42 50.17 3.1 7 50.21 3.26 45 51.2 3.1 37 52.1 29.1 16 52.4 3.25 30 52.15 3.26 23 52.18 45.1 22 52.21 32.2 24 52.22 36.1 18 52.32 3.58 17 52.33 3.58 19 52.38 32.2 30 52.41 3.1 27 52.43 3.1 18 52.44 3.1 28 52.45 3.1 31 52.46 3.1 16

Example G Oral Pharmacokinetics in the Rat

[1181] Aim: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of 50.6 and 50.9 (prodrugs of 3.1), and of 50.2 (prodrug of 3.58) following oral administration in the rat.

[1182] Methods: Prodrugs were administered orally at 10 mg/kg to fed rats instrumented with tail artery catheters. At appropriate time points following drug administration, blood samples were removed via the tail vein catheters. Plasma was prepared from the samples by centrifugation and plasma protein subsequently precipitated by addition of methanol to 60%. The methanolic extracts were clarified by centrifugation and then analyzed for prodrug and parent compound content by HPLC as described in Example E. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the parent compound plasma concentration-time profiles using non-compartmental analysis (WinNonLin v. 1.1 software).

[1183] Results: Prodrugs were not detected in plasma indicating rapid in vivo conversion to their respective parent compounds. Pharmacokinetic parameters are summarized below. Parent Compound Cmax Tmax Clearance Half-life Compound (μg/ml) (h) (L/kg/h) (h) 50.6 0.78 1.5 1.31 5.1 50.9 0.99 1.1 1.6 2.5 50.2 1 3.1 0.54 7.0

Example H Acute Oral Efficacy in the ZDF Rat

[1184] Aim: To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of acute 50.6, 50.9 and 50.2 administration in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF rat).

[1185] Methods: ZDF rats were purchased from Genetics Inc (Indianapolis, Ind.) at 8 weeks of age. Animals were maintained under standard vivarium conditions and provided with Purina 5008 chow and water ad libitum. At 10-12 weeks of age, rats with blood glucose levels >500 mg/dl were selected and dosed orally either with vehicle (PEG 400), or prodrug (60 mg/kg). Blood glucose levels were monitored at regular intervals for 6 hours following dosing. Blood samples were taken from tail vein nicks and analyzed by means of a HemoCue glucose analyzer (Hemocue, Mission Viejo, Calif.). Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t test. Means ±standard error of the means are shown.

[1186] Results: The three prodrugs were orally efficacious as indicated by the significant blood glucose lowering effects observed (see table below). Blood Glucose, mg/dl Treatment Tbaseline T6h % Change Vehicle (n = 8) 562 ± 38 528 ± 29   −6% 50.6 (n = 8) 544 ± 25 406 ± 12* −25% 50.9 (n = 8) 602 ± 26 410 ± 18* −32% 50.2 (n = 8) 591 ± 35 415 ± 15* −30%

Example I Chronic Oral Efficacy in the ZDF Rat

[1187] Aim: To determine the glucose lowering effects of 50.6 in the ZDF rat during 3 weeks of chronic, oral treatment.

[1188] Methods: ZDF rats (10 weeks of age) were maintained either on powdered Purina 5008 rat chow (n=10) or the same powdered chow supplemented with 0.4% 50.6 (n=8). Blood glucose measurements were made as described in Example E at baseline and at weekly intervals thereafter for a total of 3 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t test. Means ±standard error of the means are shown.

[1189] Results: As illustrated in the table below, efficacy was maintained throughout the 3-week treatment period, with 45% blood glucose lowering evident in the drug treated group (relative to vehicle) at the end of the study. Blood glucose, mg/dl, Treatment tbaseline t21 days Vehicle 678 ± 19 776 ± 28 50.6 674 ± 20 436 ± 41*

Example J Identification of the Intermediate Formed During Activation 50.6

[1190] The metabolism of 50.6 was evaluated in rat, monkey, and human plasma by reverse phase HPLC with use of a Beckman Ultrasphere ODS column (4.6×150 mm) equipped with an Alltech All-Guard column. The column was equilibrated with 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.2 and eluted with a linear gradient of 0-60% acetonitrile over 20 minutes at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and at a temperature of 40° C. UV absorbance was monitored at 300 nM. Exposure of 50.6 (100 μM) to the plasma samples resulted in the formation of a single metabolite. This metabolite had the same retention time and UV spectrum as a product formed following incubation of the prodrug with pig liver esterase (Sigma Chemical Co, Mo.), suggesting that it was a product of an esterase-catalyzed reaction. The metabolite formed in rat plasma was collected and subjected to mass spectrum analysis at Mass Consortium Corporation (San Diego, Calif.). The sample yielded a negative ion peak at 372, indicating that the metabolite formed had a molecular weight of 373. This molecular weight is consistent with that of a monophosphoramidate intermediate. This intermediate is likely formed via a reaction mechanism in which the prodrug first undergoes full de-esterification followed by intramolecular, hydrolytic cleavage of one of the amino acyl substituents. Formation of the postulated monophosphoramidate intermediate was confirmed following the synthesis of a synthetic standard, Compound C. The standard had the identical HPLC and UV profile as the metabolite formed in plasma samples.

Example K Metabolism of 50.6 in Human Hepatocytes

[1191] Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were obtained from In Vitro Technologies and thawed according to the vendor's recommendations. Cells were incubated at 37° C. in a Krebs-bicarbonate based buffer containing 50.6 at 10 μM. At various time points over the course of 4 hours, aliquots of cells were removed and extracted by addition of methanol to 60%. Cell extracts were clarified by centrifugation and analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with use of a Beckman Ultrasphere ODS column (4.6×150 mm) equipped with an Alltech All-Guard column. The column was equilibrated with 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.2 and eluted with a linear gradient of 0-60% acetonitrile over 20 minutes at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and at a temperature of 40° C. UV absorbance was monitored at 300 nM. 50.6, Compound C, and 3.1 were quantified by comparison to authentic standards. Disappearance of 50.6 was rapid and essentially complete within 60 minutes of incubation. Two metabolites of 50.6 were detected: Compound C and 3.1. The initial rate of 3.1 formation was 24 pmol/million cells/minute. This study indicates that 50.6 is converted to the active FBPase inhibitor, 3.1, in intact human hepatocytes.

Example L Structure Activity Relationship of Human Liver Phosphoramidase

[1192] Human liver, purchased from the Anatomic Gift Foundation (Laurel, Md.), was homogenized in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer and clarified by a slow-speed centrifugation. Prodrug metabolism was evaluated in reaction mixtures containing human liver homogenate (4 mgs protein), 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM dithiothreitol. At various time intervals over the course of 2 hours, aliquots were removed from the reaction mixtures and deproteinated by addition of methanol to 60%. Following clarification by centrifugation, metabolites were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with use of a Beckman Ultrasphere ODS column (4.6×150 mm) equipped with an Alltech All-Guard column. The column was equilibrated with 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.2 and eluted with a linear gradient of 0-60% acetonitrile over 20 minutes at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and at a temperature of 40° C. UV absorbance was monitored at 300 nM. Most of the prodrugs evaluated were metabolized via a non-rate limiting, esterase-catalyzed step to their monophosphoramidate form within 5 minutes of incubation. The rate of phosphonic acid appearance was therefore essentially a reflection of the rate of the final phosphoramidate-catalyzed cleavage step. Results for representative prodrugs for which the esterase-catalyzed step was non-rate limiting are shown below: Phosphoramidase Activity (Rate of 3.1 or 3.58 production, Prodrug nmoles/mn/mg liver protein) 50.6 0.022 50.8 0.019 50.10 0.005 50.12 0.022 50.20 0.085 50.19 0.029 52.8 0.025 52.12 0.032 52.16 0.033

[1193] The results indicate that human liver phosphoramidase readily cleaves the phosphorus-nitrogen bond of a variety of phosphonic acid-monoamidate substrates, thereby liberating the free phosphonic acid FBPase inhibitor. The lowest P-N cleavage rate was observed with a secondary amine substrate, the monophosphoramidate of 50.10. The first step in prodrug activation, esterase-catalyzed de-esterification, was not rate-limiting for the majority of substrates evaluated.

[1194] While in accordance with the patent statutes, description of the various embodiments and processing conditions have been provided, the scope of the invention is not to be limited thereto or thereby. Modifications and alterations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims, rather than by the specific examples which have been presented by way of example. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of formula IA

wherein compounds of formula IA are converted in vivo or in vitro to M—PO₃H₂ which is an inhibitor of fructose -1,6-bisphosphatase and n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group of —R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. The compounds of claim 1 wherein M—PO₃H₂ has an IC₅₀ on isolated human liver FBPase enzyme of less than or equal to 10 μM.
 3. The compounds of claim 2 wherein said IC₅₀ is less than or equal to 1 μM.
 4. The compounds of claim 1 wherein M is R⁵—X— wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂O H, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR₂, —SR₂, —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and with the proviso that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 5. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and 1,3-selenazolyl, all of which contain at least one substituent.
 6. The compounds of claim 4 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR₃, —SR₃, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C1-C2 alkyl.
 7. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R⁵ is:


8. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R⁵ is:


9. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein A″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, and —NHAc; B″ and D″ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, aryl, C4-C6 alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, C1-C6 perhaloalkyl, and halo, all except H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; and each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C2 alkyl.
 10. The compounds of claim 4 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-.
 11. The compounds of claim 4 wherein said compound is a compound of formulae II, III, or IV:


12. The compounds of claim 9 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -heteroaryl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-.
 13. The compounds of claim 4 wherein n is 1; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR¹⁹, —NR¹⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, or guanidinyl, or R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹ R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C1-C6 alkyl, or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group of —CO₂R², —OR², —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl; and R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl and benzyl;
 14. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl.
 15. The compounds of claim 14 wherein R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H and methyl.
 16. The compounds of claim 15 wherein R¹⁸ is —H.
 17. The compounds of claim 4 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR″, —NR¹⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, or guanidinyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group.
 18. The compounds of claim 17 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, and benzyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2 or 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl group.
 19. The compounds of claim 18 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and methyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopentyl group.
 20. The compounds of claim 18 wherein R¹² and R¹³ are both —H, both methyl, or R¹² is H and R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, i-propyl, and benzyl.
 21. The compounds of claim 20 wherein n is 1, and R¹² is —H, then the carbon attached to R¹² and R¹³ has S stereochemistry.
 22. The compounds of claim 4 wherein n is an integer of from 1-2.
 23. The compounds of claim 22 wherein n is
 1. 24. The compounds of claim 4 wherein each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹, and R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group consisting of —CO₂R², —OR², —NHC(O)R³, halo, and lower alkyl.
 25. The compounds of claim 24 wherein R¹⁴ is —OR¹⁷.
 26. The compounds of claim 25, wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, and unsubstituted benzyl.
 27. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C1-C6 alkyl, or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of, O, N, and S.
 28. The compounds of claim 27 wherein —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.
 29. The compounds of claim 4 wherein R is —(CR¹²R¹³)—C(O)—R¹⁴, and each n is
 1. 30. The compounds of claim 4 wherein n is 1; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR¹⁹, —NR¹⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, and guanidinyl, or R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹ R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C6 alkyl; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴; or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group of —CO₂R², —OR³, —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl; and R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and benzyl.
 31. The compounds of claim 30 that are of the formula:


32. The compounds of claim 31 wherein n is
 1. 33. The compounds of claim 32 wherein when R¹² and R¹³ are not the same, then R¹⁸HN—CR¹²R¹³—C(O)—R¹⁴ is an ester or thioester of a naturally occurring amino acid; and R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷ and —SR¹⁷.
 34. The compounds of claim 9 wherein A″ is selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —CONH₂, halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂-halo, —CN, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, and —H; B″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)R″, —C(O)SR³, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, —CN, —SR³, OR³ and —NR⁹ ₂; D″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —NR⁹ ₂, alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, halo, and —SR³; E″ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, lower alicyclic, halo, —CN, —C(O)OR³, and —SR³. X is selected from the group consisting of -heteroaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, and -alkylaminocarbonyl-, all optionally substituted; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkyl, C4-C6 aryl, C2-C7 alicyclic, and C5-C7 aralkyl, wherein said aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl may be optionally substituted with 1-2 heteroatoms; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, and benzyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2 or 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl group; n is 1; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR⁹; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl; R¹⁶ is —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴; R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group consisting Of —CO₂R², —OR³, —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl; R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H and methyl; and R¹⁹ is selected from the group of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, C4-C6 aryl, C2-C7 alicyclic, C5-C7 aralkyl, —COR³.
 35. The compounds of claim 34 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, and neopentyl.
 36. The compounds of claim 35 wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 37. The compounds of claim 34 wherein R⁵ is

X is selected from the group consisting of methylenoxycarbonyl, and furan-2,5-diyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 38. The compounds of claim 37 wherein A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —S(CH₂)₂CH₃.
 39. The compounds of claim 37 wherein A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —CH₂—CH(CH₃)₂.
 40. The compounds of claim 37 wherein A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —COOEt.
 41. The compounds of claim 37 wherein A″ is —NH₂, X is furan-2,5-diyl, and B″ is —SMe.
 42. The compounds of claim 37 wherein A″ is —NH₂, X is methyleneoxycarbonyl, and B″ is —CH(CH₃)₂.
 43. The compounds of claim 38 wherein

wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, and neopentyl.
 44. The compounds of claim 38 wherein

wherein C* has S stereochemistry and wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl and neopentyl.
 45. The compounds of claim 39 wherein


46. The compounds of claim 39 wherein

wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 47. The compounds of claim 46 that are selected from the group consisting of a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, an acetic acid salt, a trifluoroacetic acid salt, a methanesulfonic acid salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, and a maleic acid salt.
 48. The compounds of claim 39 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹⁷ is ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and neopentyl and wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 49. The compounds of claim 48 that are selected from the group consisting of a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, an acetic acid salt, a trifluoroacetic acid salt, a methanesulfonic acid salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, and a maleic acid salt.
 50. The compounds of claim 39 wherein

wherein R¹² and R¹³ together form a cyclopentyl group.
 51. The compounds of claim 50 that are selected from the group consisting of a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, an acetic acid salt, a trifluoroacetic acid salt, a methanesulfonic acid salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, and a maleic acid salt.
 52. The compounds of claim 41 wherein

wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 53. The compounds of claim 52 that are selected from the group consisting of a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, an acetic acid salt, a trifluoroacetic acid salt, a methanesulfonic acid salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, and a maleic acid salt.
 54. The compounds of claim 34 wherein R⁵ is

X is selected from the group consisting of furan-2,5-diyl, and methyleneoxycarbonyl, A″ is —NH₂, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 55. The compounds of claim 54 wherein X is furan-2,5-diyl and B″ is —SCH₂CH₂CH₃.
 56. The compounds of claim 34 wherein R⁵ is

A″ is —NH₂, E″ and D″ are —H, B″ is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, and n-propyl, X is selected from the group consisting of methyleneoxycarbonyl and furan-2,5-diyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 57. The compounds of claim 34 wherein R⁵ is

A″ is —NH₂, D″ is —H, B″ is selected from the group consisting of n-propyl, and cyclopropyl, X is selected from the group consisting of furan-2,5-diyl, and methyleneoxycarbonyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 58. A method of treating diabetes, by administering to an animal in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹l, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —N¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected, from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and with the proviso that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 59. A method of inhibiting fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in an animal in need thereof comprising the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R³, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected, from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and with the proviso that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 60. A method of lowering blood glucose, by administering to an animal in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of compound of Formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR², —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of —alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or -PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected, from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and with the proviso that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 61. A method of treating glycogen storage diseases, by administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: each G is independently selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S, and Se, and wherein only one G may be O, S, or Se, and at most one G is N; each G′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N and wherein no more than two G′ groups are N; A is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CO₂R³, halo, —S(O)R³, —SO₂R³, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂NR⁴ ₂, —CH₂CN, —CN, —C(S)NH₂, —OR₂, —SR², —N₃, —NHC(S)NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, and null; each B and D are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)SR³, —SO₂R¹¹, —S(O)R³, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, —NO₂, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, —NO₂, and halo are optionally substituted; E is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)OR³, —CONR⁴ ₂, —CN, —NR⁹ ₂, —NO₂, —OR³, —SR³, perhaloalkyl, halo, and null, all except —H, —CN, perhaloalkyl, and halo are optionally substituted; J is selected from the group consisting of —H and null; X is an optionally substituted linking group that links R⁵ to the phosphorus atom via 2-4 atoms, including 0-1 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, except that if X is urea or carbamate there is 2 heteroatoms, measured by the shortest path between R⁵ and the phosphorus atom, and wherein the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkynyl-, -heteroaryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R³is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected, from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and with the proviso that: 1) when G′ is N, then the respective A, B, D, or E is null; 2) at least one of A and B, or A, B, D, and E is not selected from the group consisting of —H or null; 3) when G is N, then the respective A or B is not halogen or a group directly bonded to G via a heteroatom; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 62. The compounds of claim 1 wherein M is

wherein: G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—; A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —CN, perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl; L², E², and J² are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —NO₂, —H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl(OH), C1-C6 alkyl(SH), C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, heteroaryl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group; X² is selected from the group consisting of —CR² ₂—, —CF₂—, —CR² ₂—O—, —CR² ₂—S—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—S—, —C(S)—O—, —CH₂—C(O)—O— and —CR² ₂—NR²⁰—, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X² is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, —H, and —COR²; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 63. The compounds of claim 62 wherein G″ is —S—; A2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —CN, halogen, —OR³, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl and C2-C6 alkynyl; and L², E², and J² are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —NO₂, —S—C≡N, —CN, halogen, —OR³, hydroxy, lower alkoxymethylene, -alkyl(OH), aryl, alkyloxycarbonyl, —CO(OH), —SR³, —SH, lower perhaloalkyl, heteroaryl, lower alicyclic, and C1-C6 alkyl, or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group.
 64. The compound of claim 63 wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁹ ₂, halogen, C1-C5 alkyl; and L², E² and J² are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —S—C≡N, —CN, —C(O)OH, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, hydroxy, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower alkoxymethylene, lower aryl, lower heteroaryl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group; and R⁴ is independently selected from the group of —H, and C1-C4 alkyl, or R⁴ and R⁴ are connected by 4-5 atoms to form a cyclic group.
 65. The compounds of claim 64, wherein A² is selected from the group of —NH₂, —H, —Cl, —Br and —CH₃.
 66. The compounds of claim 64 wherein L² and E² are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —S—C—N, —CN, —C(O)OH, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, C1-C5 alkyl, lower alkyl(hydroxy), lower aryl, and halogen, or together L² and E² form an annulated cyclic group containing an additional 4 carbon atoms.
 67. The compounds of claim 64 wherein J² is selected from the group consisting of —H, halo, and C1-C5 alkyl.
 68. The compounds of claim 62 wherein X² is selected from the group —CF₂—, —CH₂—, —C(O)—O—, —CH₂—O—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂—NH—, and —CH₂—N(C(O)CH₃)—.
 69. The compounds of claim 68 wherein X² is —CH₂—O—.
 70. The compounds of claim 62 wherein A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NH₂, —CH₃, Cl, and Br; L is —H, —CN, alicyclic, aryl, —SCN, lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkyloxy, hydroxy, -alkenylene-OH, or together with E² forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic alkyl; E² is selected from the groups consisting of H, —CN, lower alkylthio, lower alkyl, halogen, —SCN, —OR³, lower alkyloxycarbonyl, lower alkyloxy, or together with L² forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic alkyl; J² is selected from the groups consisting of —H, halo, and C1-C5 alkyl; G″ is —S—; X² is —CH₂—O—; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 71. The compounds of claim 62 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR¹⁹, —NR⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl or guanidinyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group.
 72. The compounds of claim 71 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, and benzyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2 or 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl group.
 73. The compounds of claim 72 wherein each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and methyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopentyl group.
 74. The compounds of claim 72 wherein R¹² and R¹³ are both —H, both methyl, or R¹² is H and R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, i-propyl, and benzyl.
 75. The compounds of claim 74 wherein n is 1, and R¹² is —H, then the carbon attached to R¹² and R¹³ has S stereochemistry.
 76. The compounds of claim 62 wherein n is an integer of from 1-2.
 77. The compounds of claim 76 wherein n is
 1. 78. The compounds of claim 62 wherein each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹, and R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group consisting of —CO₂R², —OR², —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl.
 79. The compounds of claim 78 wherein R¹⁴ is —OR¹⁷.
 80. The compounds of claim 79, wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl and unsubstituted benzyl.
 81. The compounds of claim 62 wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and C1-C6 alkyl, or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of, O, N, and S.
 82. The compounds of claim 81 wherein —NR¹⁵R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of morpholinyl and pyrrolidinyl.
 83. The compounds of claim 62 wherein R¹⁶ is —(CR²R³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, and each n is
 1. 84. The compounds of claim 62 wherein n is 1; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR¹⁹, —NR¹⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, and guanidinyl, or R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹ R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C6 alkyl; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴; or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group of —CO₂R², —OR³, —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl; and R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and benzyl.
 85. The compounds of claim 84 that are of the formula:


86. The compounds of claim 85 wherein n is
 1. 87. The compounds of claim 86 wherein when R¹² and R¹³ are not the same, then R¹⁸HN—CR¹²R³—C(O)—R¹⁴, is an ester or thioester of a naturally occurring amino acid; and R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷ and —SR¹⁷.
 88. The compounds of claim 70 where A² is NH₂, L² is selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, —SCN, and —Cl, E² is selected from the group consisting of —SCN, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylthio, and —Br, and J² is —H.
 89. The compounds of claim 88 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and neopentyl.
 90. The compounds of claim 89 wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 91. The compounds of claim 62 wherein A2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NH₂, —CH₃, —Cl, and —Br L² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —CN, —SCN, C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, or together with E² forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic alkyl; E² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —SCN, halogen, —CN, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or together with L² forms a forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic alkyl; J² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —Cl, and —CH₃; n is 1; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, —CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃, phenyl, and benzyl, or together R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2 or 4 carbon atoms to form a cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl group. R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷ and —NR²OR¹⁹; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl; R¹⁶ is —(CR¹²R¹³)—C(O)—R¹⁴; R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group consisting of —CO₂R², —OR³, —NHC(O)R³, halo, and lower alkyl; R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H and methyl; and R¹⁹ is selected from the group of —H, C1-C4 alkyl, C4-C6 aryl, C2-C7 alicyclic, C5-C7 aralkyl, and —COR³.
 92. The compounds of claim 91 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, i-propyl, neopentyl, and n-propyl.
 93. The compounds of claim 92 wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 94. The compounds of claim 91 wherein A² is —NH₂, L² is —H, E² is methyl, and J² is —H.
 95. The compounds of claim 91 wherein A2 is —NH₂, L² is —H, E²is methoxy, and J² is —H.
 96. The compounds of claim 91 wherein A2 is —NH₂, L² is methyl, E² is ethoxy, and J² is —H.
 97. The compounds of claim 91 wherein A2 is —NH₂, L² is methyl, E² is —(O)—CH₂—CH—(CH₃)₂, and J² is —H.
 98. The compounds of claim 94 wherein

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 99. The compounds of claim 94 wherein

wherein C* has S stereochemistry and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 100. The compounds of claim 95 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹⁷ is ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and neopentyl and wherein C* has S stereochemistry and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 101. A method of inhibiting a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in an animal in need thereof which comprises the administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (X):

wherein: G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—; A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —CN, perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl; L², E , and J are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —NO₂, —H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl(OH), C1-C6 alkyl(SH), C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, heteroaryl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group; X² is selected from the group consisting of —CR² ₂—, —CF₂—, —CR² ₂—O—, —CR² ₂—S—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—S—, —C(S)—O—, —CH₂—C(O)—O— and —CR² ₂—NR²⁰—, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X² is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷ R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR²R³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R⁷is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, —H, and —COR²; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 102. A method of treating diabetes, by administering to an animal in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of an FBPase inhibitor of formula (X):

wherein: G″ is selected from the group consisting of —O— and —S—; A² is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —CN, perhaloalkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl; L², E², and J² are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁴ ₂, —NHAc, —NO₂, —H, —OR², —SR², —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidinyl, amidinyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, —SCN, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR³, —CN, —S(O)R³, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl(OH), C1-C6 alkyl(SH), C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, heteroaryl, and lower alicyclic, or together L² and E² or E² and J² form an annulated cyclic group; X² is selected from the group consisting of —CR² ₂—, —CF₂—, —CR² ₂—O—, —CR² ₂—S—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—S—, —C(S)—O—, —CH₂—C(O)—O— and —CR² ₂—NR²⁰—, and wherein in the atom attached to the phosphorus is a carbon atom; with the proviso that X2 is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR¹⁷, —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR²R¹³)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, —H, and —COR²; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 103. The compounds of claim 1 wherein M is

wherein: A³, E³, and L³ are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹”, —SO₂R³, guanidine, amidine, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A³ and L³ form a cyclic group, or together L³ and E³ form a cyclic group, or together E³ and J³ form a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic; J³ is selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —C(O)R¹¹, —CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y³ forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl; X³ is selected from the group consisting of —alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X³ is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; Y³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R³, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)—R¹¹, —CONHR³, —NR² ₂, and —OR³, all except H are optionally substituted; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and —C(O)R¹⁰; R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, —C(O)R¹⁰, or together they form a bidentate alkyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, -alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, —NH₂, lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 104. The compounds of claim 103 wherein A³, L³, and E³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, hydroxy, halogen, —OR⁷, alkylaminocarbonyl, —SR⁷, lower perhaloalkyl, and C1-C5 alkyl, or together E³ and J³ together form a cyclic group; and wherein J³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, —NR⁸ ₂, lower R⁸ ₂N-alkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower aryl, heterocyclic, and alicyclic; and wherein Y³is selected from the group consisting of alicyclic and lower alkyl; wherein X³ is selected from the group consisting of -heteroaryl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, and -alkoxycarbonyl-.
 105. The compounds of claim 104 wherein n is 1; R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower perhaloalkyl, and lower aryl, optionally substituted with —OR¹⁹, —NR¹⁹ ₂, —SR¹⁹, —C(O)NR²R³, halo, —CO₂R², 3-indolyl, 4-imidazolyl, and guanidinyl, or R¹² and R¹³ are connected via 2-5 carbon atoms to form a cycloalkyl group; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —SR¹⁷, and —NR²OR¹⁹ R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H and C1-C6 alkyl; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴; or together R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C1-C7 alkyl, phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl, wherein said phenyl, indolyl, sesimol, and benzyl may be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected from the group of —CO₂R², —OR³, —NHC(O)R³, halo and lower alkyl; and R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of —H, C1-C6 alkyl, and benzyl.
 106. The compounds of claim 105 wherein A³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —NH₂, —F, and —CH₃; L³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —F, —OCH₃, Cl and —CH₃; E³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, and —Cl; J³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, halo, C1-C5 hydroxyalkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, R⁸ ₂N—C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 alicyclic, and C1-C5 alkyl; X³ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂O CH₂—, -methyleneoxycarbonyl- and -furan-2,5-diyl-; and Y³ is lower alkyl.
 107. The compounds of claim 106 where A³ is —NH₂, L³ is —F, E³ is —H, J³ is ethyl, Y³ is isobutyl, and X³ is -furan-2,5-diyl-.
 108. The compounds of claim 106 where A³ is —NH₂, L³ is —F, E³ is —H, J³ is N,N-dimethylaminopropyl, Y³ is isobutyl, and X³ is -furan-2,5-diyl-.
 109. The compounds of claim 107 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 110. The compounds of claim 108 wherein

is selected from the group consisting of

wherein C* has S stereochemistry.
 111. A method of treating an animal for diabetes, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula XI:

wherein: A³, E³, and L³ are selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —COR¹¹, —SO₂R³, guanidine, amidine, —NHSO₂R³, —SO₂NR⁴ ₂, —CN, sulfoxide, perhaloacyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, and lower alicyclic, or together A³ and L³ form a cyclic group, or together L³ and E³ form a cyclic group, or together E³ and J³ form a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl, and heterocyclic; J³ is selected from the group consisting of —NR⁸ ₂, —NO₂, —H, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —C(O)NR⁴ ₂, halo, —C(O)R¹¹, —CN, sulfonyl, sulfoxide, perhaloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; alicyclic, aryl, and aralkyl, or together with Y³ forms a cyclic group including aryl, cyclic alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl; X³ is selected from the group consisting of —alkyl(hydroxy)-, -alkyl-, -alkynyl-, -aryl-, -carbonylalkyl-, -1,1-dihaloalkyl-, -alkoxyalkyl-, -alkyloxy-, -alkylthioalkyl-, -alkylthio-, -alkylaminocarbonyl-, -alkylcarbonylamino-, -alicyclic-, -aralkyl-, -alkylaryl-, -alkoxycarbonyl-, -carbonyloxyalkyl-, -alkoxycarbonylamino-, and -alkylaminocarbonylamino-, all optionally substituted; with the proviso that X³ is not substituted with —COOR², —SO₃H, or —PO₃R² ₂; Y³ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, —C(O)R³, —S(O)₂R³, —C(O)—R¹¹, —CONHR³, NR² ₂, and —OR³, all except H are optionally substituted; n is an integer from 1 to 3; R² is selected from the group consisting of R³ and —H; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alicyclic, and aralkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, and alkyl, or together R⁴ and R⁴ form a cyclic alkyl group; R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, and —C(O)R¹⁰; R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, —C(O)R¹⁰, or together they form a bidentate alkyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, -alkyl, aralkyl, and alicyclic, or together R⁹ and R⁹ form a cyclic alkyl group; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, —NH₂, lower aryl, and lower perhaloalkyl; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, —NR² ₂, and —OR²; each R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or R¹² and R¹³ together are connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1-2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR¹⁷, —N(R¹⁷)₂, —NHR^(17,) —NR²OR¹⁹ and —SR¹⁷; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁶ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—C(O)—R¹⁴, —H lower alkyl lower aryl, lower aralkyl, or together with R¹⁵ is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; each R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower aryl, and lower aralkyl, all optionally substituted, or together R¹⁷ and R¹⁷ on N is connected via 2-6 atoms, optionally including 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; R¹⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or together with R¹² is connected via 1-4 carbon atoms to form a cyclic group; each R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alicyclic, lower aralkyl, and COR³; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 112. A method of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal in need thereof, comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of claim
 103. 113. A method of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in an animal in need thereof comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 4. 114. A method of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in an animal in need thereof comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 62. 115. A method of lowering blood glucose in an animal in need thereof comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 62. 